Adsi

4.0.20

Adsi.psm1


[NoRunspaceAffinity()] # Make this class thread-safe
class FakeDirectoryEntry {

    <#
    Used in place of a DirectoryEntry for certain WinNT security principals that do not have objects in the directory
    The WinNT provider only throws an error if you try to retrieve certain accounts/identities
    #>

    [string]$Name
    [string]$Parent
    [string]$Path
    [type]$SchemaEntry
    [byte[]]$objectSid
    [string]$Description
    [hashtable]$Properties
    [string]$SchemaClassName

    FakeDirectoryEntry (
        [string]$DirectoryPath
    ) {

        $LastSlashIndex = $DirectoryPath.LastIndexOf('/')
        $StartIndex = $LastSlashIndex + 1
        $This.Name = $DirectoryPath.Substring($StartIndex, $DirectoryPath.Length - $StartIndex)
        $This.Parent = $DirectoryPath.Substring(0, $LastSlashIndex)
        $This.Path = $DirectoryPath
        $This.SchemaEntry = [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]
        switch -regex ($DirectoryPath) {

            'CREATOR OWNER$' {
                $This.objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-3-0'
                $This.Description = 'A SID to be replaced by the SID of the user who creates a new object. This SID is used in inheritable ACEs.'
                $This.SchemaClassName = 'user'
            }
            'SYSTEM$' {
                $This.objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-5-18'
                $This.Description = 'By default, the SYSTEM account is granted Full Control permissions to all files on an NTFS volume'
                $This.SchemaClassName = 'user'
            }
            'INTERACTIVE$' {
                $This.objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-5-4'
                $This.Description = 'Users who log on for interactive operation. This is a group identifier added to the token of a process when it was logged on interactively.'
                $This.SchemaClassName = 'group'
            }
            'Authenticated Users$' {
                $This.objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-5-11'
                $This.Description = 'Any user who accesses the system through a sign-in process has the Authenticated Users identity.'
                $This.SchemaClassName = 'group'
            }
            'TrustedInstaller$' {
                $This.objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-5-80-956008885-3418522649-1831038044-1853292631-2271478464'
                $This.Description = 'Most of the operating system files are owned by the TrustedInstaller security identifier (SID)'
                $This.SchemaClassName = 'user'
            }
            'ALL APPLICATION PACKAGES$' {
                $This.objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-15-2-1'
                $This.Description = 'All applications running in an app package context. SECURITY_BUILTIN_PACKAGE_ANY_PACKAGE'
                $This.SchemaClassName = 'group'
            }
            'ALL RESTRICTED APPLICATION PACKAGES$' {
                $This.objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-15-2-2'
                $This.Description = 'SECURITY_BUILTIN_PACKAGE_ANY_RESTRICTED_PACKAGE'
                $This.SchemaClassName = 'group'
            }
            'Everyone$' {
                $This.objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-1-0'
                $This.Description = "A group that includes all users; aka 'World'."
                $This.SchemaClassName = 'group'
            }
            'LOCAL SERVICE$' {
                $This.objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-5-19'
                $This.Description = 'A local service account'
                $This.SchemaClassName = 'user'
            }
            'NETWORK SERVICE$' {
                $This.objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-5-20'
                $This.Description = 'A network service account'
                $This.SchemaClassName = 'user'
            }
        }

        $This.Properties = @{
            Name            = $This.Name
            Description     = $This.Description
            objectSid       = $This.objectSid
            SchemaClassName = $This.SchemaClassName
        }
    }

    [void]RefreshCache([string[]]$Nonsense) {}
    [void]Invoke([string]$Nonsense) {}

}
function Add-DomainFqdnToLdapPath {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Add a domain FQDN to an LDAP directory path as the server address so the new path can be used for remote queries
        .DESCRIPTION
        Uses RegEx to:
            - Match the Domain Components from the Distinguished Name in the LDAP directory path
            - Convert the Domain Components to an FQDN
            - Insert them into the directory path as the server address
        .INPUTS
        [System.String]$DirectoryPath
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.String] Complete LDAP directory path including server address
        .EXAMPLE
        Add-DomainFqdnToLdapPath -DirectoryPath 'LDAP://CN=user1,OU=UsersOU,DC=ad,DC=contoso,DC=com'
        LDAP://ad.contoso.com/CN=user1,OU=UsersOU,DC=ad,DC=contoso,DC=com
 
        Add the domain FQDN to a single LDAP directory path
    #>
    [OutputType([System.String])]
    param (

        # Incomplete LDAP directory path containing a distinguishedName but lacking a server address
        [Parameter(ValueFromPipeline)]
        [string[]]$DirectoryPath,

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Dictionary of log messages for Write-LogMsg (can be thread-safe if a synchronized hashtable is provided)
        [hashtable]$LogMsgCache = $Global:LogMessages

    )
    begin {

        <#
        $LogParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            Type = 'Debug'
            LogMsgCache = $LogMsgCache
            WhoAmI = $WhoAmI
        }
        #>

        $LoggingParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

        $PathRegEx = '(?<Path>LDAP:\/\/[^\/]*)'
        $DomainRegEx = '(?i)DC=\w{1,}?\b'

    }
    process {

        ForEach ($ThisPath in $DirectoryPath) {

            if ($ThisPath -match $PathRegEx) {

                $RegExMatches = $null
                $RegExMatches = [regex]::Matches($ThisPath, $DomainRegEx)

                if ($RegExMatches) {
                    $DomainDN = $null
                    $DomainFqdn = $null

                    $RegExMatches = $RegExMatches |
                    ForEach-Object { $_.Value }

                    $DomainDN = $RegExMatches -join ','
                    $DomainFqdn = ConvertTo-Fqdn -DistinguishedName $DomainDN -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
                    if ($ThisPath -match "LDAP:\/\/$DomainFqdn\/") {
                        #Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain FQDN already found in the directory path: '$ThisPath'"
                        $ThisPath
                    } else {
                        $ThisPath -replace 'LDAP:\/\/', "LDAP://$DomainFqdn/"
                    }
                } else {
                    #Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain DN not found in the directory path: '$ThisPath'"
                    $ThisPath
                }
            } else {
                #Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Not an expected directory path: '$ThisPath'"
                $ThisPath
            }
        }
    }
}
function Add-SidInfo {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Add some useful properties to a DirectoryEntry object for easier access
        .DESCRIPTION
        Add SidString, Domain, and SamAccountName NoteProperties to a DirectoryEntry
        .INPUTS
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry] or a [PSCustomObject] imitation. InputObject parameter. Must contain the objectSid property.
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry] or a [PSCustomObject] imitation. Whatever was input, but with three extra properties added now.
        .EXAMPLE
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::new('WinNT://localhost/Administrator') | Add-SidInfo
        distinguishedName :
        Path : WinNT://localhost/Administrator
 
        The output object's default format is not modified so with default formatting it appears identical to the original.
        Upon closer inspection it now has SidString, Domain, and SamAccountName properties.
    #>
    [OutputType([System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry[]], [PSCustomObject[]])]
    param (

        # Expecting a [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry] from the LDAP or WinNT providers, or a [PSCustomObject] imitation from Get-DirectoryEntry.
        # Must contain the objectSid property
        [Parameter(ValueFromPipeline)]
        $InputObject,

        # Hashtable with known domain SIDs as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsBySid = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Dictionary of log messages for Write-LogMsg (can be thread-safe if a synchronized hashtable is provided)
        [hashtable]$LogMsgCache = $Global:LogMessages

    )
    begin {

        $LogParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            Type         = 'Debug'
            LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

    }

    process {

        ForEach ($Object in $InputObject) {

            $SID = $null
            $SamAccountName = $null
            $DomainObject = $null

            if ($null -eq $Object) {
                continue
            } elseif ($Object.objectSid.Value ) {
                # With WinNT directory entries for the root (WinNT://localhost), objectSid is a method rather than a property
                # So we need to filter out those instances here to avoid this error:
                # The following exception occurred while retrieving the string representation for method "objectSid":
                # "Object reference not set to an instance of an object."
                if ( $Object.objectSid.Value.GetType().FullName -ne 'System.Management.Automation.PSMethod' ) {
                    [string]$SID = [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new([byte[]]$Object.objectSid.Value, 0)
                }
            } elseif ($Object.objectSid) {
                # With WinNT directory entries for the root (WinNT://localhost), objectSid is a method rather than a property
                # So we need to filter out those instances here to avoid this error:
                # The following exception occurred while retrieving the string representation for method "objectSid":
                # "Object reference not set to an instance of an object."
                if ($Object.objectSid.GetType().FullName -ne 'System.Management.Automation.PSMethod') {
                    [string]$SID = [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new([byte[]]$Object.objectSid, 0)
                }
            } elseif ($Object.Properties) {
                if ($Object.Properties['objectSid'].Value) {
                    [string]$SID = [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new([byte[]]$Object.Properties['objectSid'].Value, 0)
                } elseif ($Object.Properties['objectSid']) {
                    [string]$SID = [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new([byte[]]($Object.Properties['objectSid'] | ForEach-Object { $_ }), 0)
                }
                if ($Object.Properties['samaccountname']) {
                    $SamAccountName = $Object.Properties['samaccountname']
                } else {
                    #DirectoryEntries from the WinNT provider for local accounts do not have a samaccountname attribute so we use name instead
                    $SamAccountName = $Object.Properties['name']
                }
            } elseif ($Object.objectSid) {
                [string]$SID = [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new([byte[]]$Object.objectSid, 0)
            }

            if ($Object.Domain.Sid) {
                #if ($Object.Domain.GetType().FullName -ne 'System.Management.Automation.PSMethod') {
                # This would only have come from Add-SidInfo in the first place
                # This means it was added with Add-Member in Get-DirectoryEntry for the root of the computer's directory
                if ($null -eq $SID) {
                    [string]$SID = $Object.Domain.Sid
                }
                $DomainObject = $Object.Domain
                #}
            }
            if (-not $DomainObject) {
                # The SID of the domain is the SID of the user minus the last block of numbers
                $DomainSid = $SID.Substring(0, $Sid.LastIndexOf("-"))

                # Lookup other information about the domain using its SID as the key
                $DomainObject = $DomainsBySid[$DomainSid]
            }

            #Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "$SamAccountName`t$SID"

            Add-Member -InputObject $Object -PassThru -Force @{
                SidString      = $SID
                Domain         = $DomainObject
                SamAccountName = $SamAccountName
            }
        }
    }
}
function ConvertFrom-DirectoryEntry {
    <#
    .SYNOPSIS
    Convert a DirectoryEntry to a PSCustomObject
    .DESCRIPTION
    Recursively convert every property into a string, or a PSCustomObject (whose properties are all strings, or more PSCustomObjects)
    This obfuscates the troublesome PropertyCollection and PropertyValueCollection and Hashtable aspects of working with ADSI
    .NOTES
    # TODO: There is a faster way than Select-Object, just need to dig into the default formatting of DirectoryEntry to see how to get those properties
    #>

    param (
        [Parameter(
            Position = 0,
            ValueFromPipeline
        )]
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry[]]$DirectoryEntry
    )

    process {
        ForEach ($ThisDirectoryEntry in $DirectoryEntry) {
            $ObjectWithProperties = $ThisDirectoryEntry |
            Select-Object -Property *

            $ObjectNoteProperties = $ObjectWithProperties |
            Get-Member -MemberType Property, CodeProperty, ScriptProperty, NoteProperty

            $ThisObject = @{}
            ForEach ($ThisObjProperty in $ObjectNoteProperties) {
                $ThisObject = ConvertTo-SimpleProperty -InputObject $ObjectWithProperties -Property $ThisObjProperty.Name -PropertyDictionary $ThisObject
            }

            [PSCustomObject]$ThisObject
        }
    }
}
function ConvertFrom-PropertyValueCollectionToString {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Convert a PropertyValueCollection to a string
        .DESCRIPTION
        Useful when working with System.DirectoryServices and some other namespaces
        .INPUTS
        None. Pipeline input is not accepted.
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.String]
        .EXAMPLE
        $DirectoryEntry = [adsi]("WinNT://$(hostname)")
        $DirectoryEntry.Properties.Keys |
        ForEach-Object {
            ConvertFrom-PropertyValueCollectionToString -PropertyValueCollection $DirectoryEntry.Properties[$_]
        }
 
        For each property in a DirectoryEntry, convert its corresponding PropertyValueCollection to a string
    #>
    param (
        [System.DirectoryServices.PropertyValueCollection]$PropertyValueCollection
    )
    $SubType = & { $PropertyValueCollection.Value.GetType().FullName } 2>$null
    switch ($SubType) {
        'System.Byte[]' { ConvertTo-DecStringRepresentation -ByteArray $PropertyValueCollection.Value }
        default { "$($PropertyValueCollection.Value)" }
    }
}
function ConvertFrom-ResultPropertyValueCollectionToString {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Convert a ResultPropertyValueCollection to a string
        .DESCRIPTION
        Useful when working with System.DirectoryServices and some other namespaces
        .INPUTS
        None. Pipeline input is not accepted.
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.String]
        .EXAMPLE
        $DirectoryEntry = [adsi]("WinNT://$(hostname)")
        $DirectoryEntry.Properties.Keys |
        ForEach-Object {
            ConvertFrom-PropertyValueCollectionToString -PropertyValueCollection $DirectoryEntry.Properties[$_]
        }
 
        For each property in a DirectoryEntry, convert its corresponding PropertyValueCollection to a string
    #>
    param (
        [System.DirectoryServices.ResultPropertyValueCollection]$ResultPropertyValueCollection
    )
    $SubType = & { $ResultPropertyValueCollection.Value.GetType().FullName } 2>$null
    switch ($SubType) {
        'System.Byte[]' { ConvertTo-DecStringRepresentation -ByteArray $ResultPropertyValueCollection.Value }
        default { "$($ResultPropertyValueCollection.Value)" }
    }
}
function ConvertFrom-SearchResult {
    <#
    .SYNOPSIS
    Convert a SearchResult to a PSCustomObject
    .DESCRIPTION
    Recursively convert every property into a string, or a PSCustomObject (whose properties are all strings, or more PSCustomObjects)
    This obfuscates the troublesome ResultPropertyCollection and ResultPropertyValueCollection and Hashtable aspects of working with ADSI searches
    .NOTES
    # TODO: There is a faster way than Select-Object, just need to dig into the default formatting of SearchResult to see how to get those properties
    #>

    param (
        [Parameter(
            Position = 0,
            ValueFromPipeline
        )]
        [System.DirectoryServices.SearchResult[]]$SearchResult
    )

    process {
        ForEach ($ThisSearchResult in $SearchResult) {
            $ObjectWithProperties = $ThisSearchResult |
            Select-Object -Property *

            $ObjectNoteProperties = $ObjectWithProperties |
            Get-Member -MemberType Property, CodeProperty, ScriptProperty, NoteProperty

            $ThisObject = @{}

            # Enumerate the keys of the ResultPropertyCollection
            ForEach ($ThisProperty in $ThisSearchResult.Properties.Keys) {
                $ThisObject = ConvertTo-SimpleProperty -InputObject $ThisSearchResult.Properties -Property $ThisProperty -PropertyDictionary $ThisObject
            }

            # We will allow any existing properties to override members of the ResultPropertyCollection
            ForEach ($ThisObjProperty in $ObjectNoteProperties) {
                $ThisObject = ConvertTo-SimpleProperty -InputObject $ObjectWithProperties -Property $ThisObjProperty.Name -PropertyDictionary $ThisObject
            }

            [PSCustomObject]$ThisObject
        }
    }
}
function ConvertFrom-SidString {
    #[OutputType([System.Security.Principal.NTAccount])]
    param (
        [string]$SID
    )
    #[System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new($SID)
    # Only works if SID is in the current domain...otherwise SID not found
    Get-DirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath "LDAP://<SID=$SID>"
}
function ConvertTo-DecStringRepresentation {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Convert a byte array to a string representation of its decimal format
        .DESCRIPTION
        Uses the custom format operator -f to format each byte as a string decimal representation
        .INPUTS
        [System.Byte[]]$ByteArray
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.String] Array of strings representing the byte array's decimal values
        .EXAMPLE
        ConvertTo-DecStringRepresentation -ByteArray $Bytes
 
        Convert the binary SID $Bytes to a decimal string representation
    #>
    [OutputType([System.String])]
    param (
        # Byte array. Often the binary format of an objectSid or LoginHours
        [byte[]]$ByteArray
    )

    $ByteArray |
    ForEach-Object {
        '{0}' -f $_
    }
}
function ConvertTo-DistinguishedName {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Convert a domain NetBIOS name to its distinguishedName
        .DESCRIPTION
        https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/iads/nn-iads-iadsnametranslate
        .INPUTS
        [System.String]$Domain
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.String] distinguishedName of the domain
        .EXAMPLE
        ConvertTo-DistinguishedName -Domain 'CONTOSO'
        DC=ad,DC=contoso,DC=com
 
        Resolve the NetBIOS domain 'CONTOSO' to its distinguishedName 'DC=ad,DC=contoso,DC=com'
    #>
    [OutputType([System.String])]
    param (

        # NetBIOS name of the domain
        [Parameter(Mandatory, ValueFromPipeline, ParameterSetName = 'NetBIOS')]
        [string[]]$Domain,

        [Parameter(ParameterSetName = 'NetBIOS')]
        [hashtable]$DomainsByNetbios = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # NetBIOS name of the domain
        [Parameter(Mandatory, ValueFromPipeline, ParameterSetName = 'FQDN')]
        [string[]]$DomainFQDN,

        # Type of initialization to be performed
        # Will be translated to the corresponding integer for use as the lnSetType parameter of the IADsNameTranslate::Init method (iads.h)
        # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/iads/ne-iads-ads_name_inittype_enum
        [string]$InitType = 'ADS_NAME_INITTYPE_GC',

        # Format of the name of the directory object that will be used for the input
        # Will be translated to the corresponding integer for use as the lnSetType parameter of the IADsNameTranslate::Set method (iads.h)
        # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/iads/ne-iads-ads_name_type_enum
        [string]$InputType = 'ADS_NAME_TYPE_NT4',

        # Format of the name of the directory object that will be used for the output
        # Will be translated to the corresponding integer for use as the lnSetType parameter of the IADsNameTranslate::Get method (iads.h)
        # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/iads/ne-iads-ads_name_type_enum
        [string]$OutputType = 'ADS_NAME_TYPE_1779',

        <#
        AdsiProvider (WinNT or LDAP) of the servers associated with the provided FQDNs or NetBIOS names
 
        This parameter can be used to reduce calls to Find-AdsiProvider
 
        Useful when that has been done already but the DomainsByFqdn and DomainsByNetbios caches have not been updated yet
        #>
        [string]$AdsiProvider,

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Dictionary of log messages for Write-LogMsg (can be thread-safe if a synchronized hashtable is provided)
        [hashtable]$LogMsgCache = $Global:LogMessages

    )
    begin {

        $LogParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            Type         = 'Debug'
            LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

        $LoggingParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

        # Declare constants for these Windows enums
        # We need to because PowerShell makes it hard to directly use the Win32 API and read the enum definition
        # Use hashtables instead of enums since this use case is so simple
        $ADS_NAME_INITTYPE_dict = @{
            ADS_NAME_INITTYPE_DOMAIN = 1 #Initializes a NameTranslate object by setting the domain that the object binds to.
            ADS_NAME_INITTYPE_SERVER = 2 #Initializes a NameTranslate object by setting the server that the object binds to.
            ADS_NAME_INITTYPE_GC     = 3 #Initializes a NameTranslate object by locating the global catalog that the object binds to.
        }
        $ADS_NAME_TYPE_dict = @{
            ADS_NAME_TYPE_1779                    = 1 #Name format as specified in RFC 1779. For example, "CN=Jeff Smith,CN=users,DC=Fabrikam,DC=com".
            ADS_NAME_TYPE_CANONICAL               = 2 #Canonical name format. For example, "Fabrikam.com/Users/Jeff Smith".
            ADS_NAME_TYPE_NT4                     = 3 #Account name format used in Windows. For example, "Fabrikam\JeffSmith".
            ADS_NAME_TYPE_DISPLAY                 = 4 #Display name format. For example, "Jeff Smith".
            ADS_NAME_TYPE_DOMAIN_SIMPLE           = 5 #Simple domain name format. For example, "JeffSmith@Fabrikam.com".
            ADS_NAME_TYPE_ENTERPRISE_SIMPLE       = 6 #Simple enterprise name format. For example, "JeffSmith@Fabrikam.com".
            ADS_NAME_TYPE_GUID                    = 7 #Global Unique Identifier format. For example, "{95ee9fff-3436-11d1-b2b0-d15ae3ac8436}".
            ADS_NAME_TYPE_UNKNOWN                 = 8 #Unknown name type. The system will estimate the format. This element is a meaningful option only with the IADsNameTranslate.Set or the IADsNameTranslate.SetEx method, but not with the IADsNameTranslate.Get or IADsNameTranslate.GetEx method.
            ADS_NAME_TYPE_USER_PRINCIPAL_NAME     = 9 #User principal name format. For example, "JeffSmith@Fabrikam.com".
            ADS_NAME_TYPE_CANONICAL_EX            = 10 #Extended canonical name format. For example, "Fabrikam.com/Users Jeff Smith".
            ADS_NAME_TYPE_SERVICE_PRINCIPAL_NAME  = 11 #Service principal name format. For example, "www/www.fabrikam.com@fabrikam.com".
            ADS_NAME_TYPE_SID_OR_SID_HISTORY_NAME = 12 #A SID string, as defined in the Security Descriptor Definition Language (SDDL), for either the SID of the current object or one from the object SID history. For example, "O:AOG:DAD:(A;;RPWPCCDCLCSWRCWDWOGA;;;S-1-0-0)"
        }
        $ChosenInitType = $ADS_NAME_INITTYPE_dict[$InitType]
        $ChosenInputType = $ADS_NAME_TYPE_dict[$InputType]
        $ChosenOutputType = $ADS_NAME_TYPE_dict[$OutputType]

    }
    process {
        ForEach ($ThisDomain in $Domain) {
            $DomainCacheResult = $DomainsByNetbios[$ThisDomain]
            if ($DomainCacheResult) {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain NetBIOS cache hit for '$ThisDomain'"
                #ConvertTo-DistinguishedName -DomainFQDN $DomainCacheResult.Dns -AdsiProvider $DomainCacheResult.AdsiProvider
                $DomainCacheResult.DistinguishedName
            } else {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain NetBIOS cache miss for '$ThisDomain'. Available keys: $($DomainsByNetBios.Keys -join ',')"
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "`$IADsNameTranslateComObject = New-Object -comObject 'NameTranslate' # For '$ThisDomain'"
                $IADsNameTranslateComObject = New-Object -comObject "NameTranslate"
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "`$IADsNameTranslateInterface = `$IADsNameTranslateComObject.GetType() # For '$ThisDomain'"
                $IADsNameTranslateInterface = $IADsNameTranslateComObject.GetType()
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "`$null = `$IADsNameTranslateInterface.InvokeMember('Init', 'InvokeMethod', `$Null, `$IADsNameTranslateComObject, ($ChosenInitType, `$Null)) # For '$ThisDomain'"
                $null = $IADsNameTranslateInterface.InvokeMember("Init", "InvokeMethod", $Null, $IADsNameTranslateComObject, ($ChosenInitType, $Null))

                # For a non-domain-joined system there is no DistinguishedName for the domain
                # Suppress errors when calling these next 2 methods
                # Exception calling "InvokeMember" with "5" argument(s): "Name translation: Could not find the name or insufficient right to see name. (Exception from HRESULT: 0x80072116)"
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "`$null = `$IADsNameTranslateInterface.InvokeMember('Set', 'InvokeMethod', `$Null, `$IADsNameTranslateComObject, ($ChosenInputType, '$ThisDomain\')) # For '$ThisDomain'"
                $null = { $IADsNameTranslateInterface.InvokeMember("Set", "InvokeMethod", $Null, $IADsNameTranslateComObject, ($ChosenInputType, "$ThisDomain\")) } 2>$null
                # Exception calling "InvokeMember" with "5" argument(s): "Unspecified error (Exception from HRESULT: 0x80004005 (E_FAIL))"
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "`$IADsNameTranslateInterface.InvokeMember('Get', 'InvokeMethod', `$Null, `$IADsNameTranslateComObject, $ChosenOutputType) # For '$ThisDomain'"
                $null = { $null = { $IADsNameTranslateInterface.InvokeMember("Get", "InvokeMethod", $Null, $IADsNameTranslateComObject, $ChosenOutputType) } 2>$null } 2>$null
            }
        }
        ForEach ($ThisDomain in $DomainFQDN) {
            $DomainCacheResult = $DomainsByFqdn[$ThisDomain]
            if ($DomainCacheResult) {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain FQDN cache hit for '$ThisDomain'"
                $DomainCacheResult.DistinguishedName
            } else {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain FQDN cache miss for '$ThisDomain'"

                if (-not $PSBoundParameters.ContainsKey('AdsiProvider')) {
                    $AdsiProvider = Find-AdsiProvider -AdsiServer $ThisDomain @LoggingParams
                }

                if ($AdsiProvider -ne 'WinNT') {
                    "dc=$($ThisDomain -replace '\.',',dc=')"
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
function ConvertTo-DomainNetBIOS {
    param (
        [string]$DomainFQDN,

        [string]$AdsiProvider,

        <#
        Dictionary to cache directory entries to avoid redundant lookups
 
        Defaults to an empty thread-safe hashtable
        #>
        [hashtable]$DirectoryEntryCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain NetBIOS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByNetbios = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain SIDs as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsBySid = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain DNS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByFqdn = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Dictionary of log messages for Write-LogMsg (can be thread-safe if a synchronized hashtable is provided)
        [hashtable]$LogMsgCache = $Global:LogMessages

    )

    $LogParams = @{
        ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
        Type         = 'Debug'
        LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
        WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
    }

    $LoggingParams = @{
        ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
        LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
        WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
    }

    $DomainCacheResult = $DomainsByFqdn[$DomainFQDN]
    if ($DomainCacheResult) {
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain FQDN cache hit for '$DomainFQDN'"
        return $DomainCacheResult.Netbios
    }

    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain FQDN cache miss for '$DomainFQDN'"

    if ($AdsiProvider -eq 'LDAP') {
        $RootDSE = Get-DirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath "LDAP://$DomainFQDN/rootDSE" -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid @LoggingParams
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "`$RootDSE.InvokeGet('defaultNamingContext')"
        $DomainDistinguishedName = $RootDSE.InvokeGet("defaultNamingContext")
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "`$RootDSE.InvokeGet('configurationNamingContext')"
        $ConfigurationDN = $rootDSE.InvokeGet("configurationNamingContext")
        $partitions = Get-DirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath "LDAP://$DomainFQDN/cn=partitions,$ConfigurationDN" -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid @LoggingParams

        ForEach ($Child In $Partitions.Children) {
            If ($Child.nCName -contains $DomainDistinguishedName) {
                return $Child.nETBIOSName
            }
        }
    } else {
        $LengthOfNetBIOSName = $DomainFQDN.IndexOf('.')
        if ($LengthOfNetBIOSName -eq -1) {
            $DomainFQDN
        } else {
            $DomainFQDN.Substring(0, $LengthOfNetBIOSName)
        }
    }

}
function ConvertTo-DomainSidString {
    param (

        # Domain DNS name to convert to the domain's SID
        [Parameter(Mandatory)]
        [string]$DomainDnsName,

        <#
        Hashtable containing cached directory entries so they don't have to be retrieved from the directory again
 
        Uses a thread-safe hashtable by default
        #>
        [hashtable]$DirectoryEntryCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain NetBIOS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByNetbios = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain SIDs as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsBySid = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain DNS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByFqdn = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        AdsiProvider (WinNT or LDAP) of the servers associated with the provided FQDNs or NetBIOS names
 
        This parameter can be used to reduce calls to Find-AdsiProvider
 
        Useful when that has been done already but the DomainsByFqdn and DomainsByNetbios caches have not been updated yet
        #>
        [string]$AdsiProvider,

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Dictionary of log messages for Write-LogMsg (can be thread-safe if a synchronized hashtable is provided)
        [hashtable]$LogMsgCache = $Global:LogMessages

    )

    $LogParams = @{
        ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
        Type         = 'Debug'
        LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
        WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
    }

    $LoggingParams = @{
        ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
        LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
        WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
    }


    $CacheResult = $DomainsByFqdn[$DomainDnsName]
    if ($CacheResult) {
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain FQDN cache hit for '$DomainDnsName'"
        return $CacheResult.Sid
    }
    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain FQDN cache miss for '$DomainDnsName'"

    if (
        -not $AdsiProvider -or
        $AdsiProvider -eq 'LDAP'
    ) {
        $DomainDirectoryEntry = Get-DirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath "LDAP://$DomainDnsName" -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid @LoggingParams
        try {
            $null = $DomainDirectoryEntry.RefreshCache('objectSid')
        } catch {
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # LDAP connection failed to '$DomainDnsName' - $($_.Exception.Message)"
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Find-LocalAdsiServerSid -ComputerName '$DomainDnsName'"
            $DomainSid = Find-LocalAdsiServerSid -ComputerName $DomainDnsName-ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
            return $DomainSid
        }
    } else {
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Find-LocalAdsiServerSid -ComputerName '$DomainDnsName'"
        $DomainSid = Find-LocalAdsiServerSid -ComputerName $DomainDnsName -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
        return $DomainSid
    }

    $DomainSid = $null

    if ($DomainDirectoryEntry.Properties) {
        $objectSIDProperty = $DomainDirectoryEntry.Properties['objectSid']
        if ($objectSIDProperty.Value) {
            $SidByteArray = [byte[]]$objectSIDProperty.Value
        } else {
            $SidByteArray = [byte[]]$objectSIDProperty
        }
    } else {
        $SidByteArray = [byte[]]$DomainDirectoryEntry.objectSid
    }

    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "[System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new([byte[]]@($($SidByteArray -join ',')), 0).ToString()"
    $DomainSid = [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new($SidByteArray, 0).ToString()

    if ($DomainSid) {
        return $DomainSid
    } else {
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Type Warning -Text " # LDAP Domain: '$DomainDnsName' has an invalid SID - $($_.Exception.Message)"
    }

}
function ConvertTo-Fqdn {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Convert a domain distinguishedName name or NetBIOS name to its FQDN
        .DESCRIPTION
        For the DistinguishedName parameter, uses PowerShell's -replace operator to perform the conversion
        For the NetBIOS parameter, uses ConvertTo-DistinguishedName to convert from NetBIOS to distinguishedName, then recursively calls this function to get the FQDN
        .INPUTS
        [System.String]$DistinguishedName
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.String] FQDN version of the distinguishedName
        .EXAMPLE
        ConvertTo-Fqdn -DistinguishedName 'DC=ad,DC=contoso,DC=com'
        ad.contoso.com
 
        Convert the domain distinguishedName 'DC=ad,DC=contoso,DC=com' to its FQDN format 'ad.contoso.com'
    #>
    [OutputType([System.String])]
    param (
        # distinguishedName of the domain
        [Parameter(
            ParameterSetName = 'DistinguishedName',
            ValueFromPipeline
        )]
        [string[]]$DistinguishedName,

        # NetBIOS name of the domain
        [Parameter(
            ParameterSetName = 'NetBIOS',
            ValueFromPipeline
        )]
        [string[]]$NetBIOS,

        <#
        Dictionary to cache directory entries to avoid redundant lookups
 
        Defaults to an empty thread-safe hashtable
        #>
        [hashtable]$DirectoryEntryCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain NetBIOS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByNetbios = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain SIDs as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsBySid = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain DNS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByFqdn = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Dictionary of log messages for Write-LogMsg (can be thread-safe if a synchronized hashtable is provided)
        [hashtable]$LogMsgCache = $Global:LogMessages

    )
    begin {

        $LogParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            Type         = 'Debug'
            LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

        $LoggingParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

    }
    process {
        ForEach ($DN in $DistinguishedName) {
            $DN -replace ',DC=', '.' -replace 'DC=', ''
        }

        ForEach ($ThisNetBios in $NetBIOS) {
            $DomainObject = $DomainsByNetbios[$DomainNetBIOS]

            if (
                -not $DomainObject -and
                -not [string]::IsNullOrEmpty($DomainNetBIOS)
            ) {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain NetBIOS cache miss for '$DomainNetBIOS'"
                $DomainObject = Get-AdsiServer -Netbios $DomainNetBIOS -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
                $DomainsByNetbios[$DomainNetBIOS] = $DomainObject
            }

            $DomainObject.Dns
        }
    }
}
function ConvertTo-HexStringRepresentation {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Convert a SID from byte array format to a string representation of its hexadecimal format
        .DESCRIPTION
        Uses the custom format operator -f to format each byte as a string hex representation
        .INPUTS
        [System.Byte[]]$SIDByteArray
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.String] SID as an array of strings representing the byte array's hexadecimal values
        .EXAMPLE
        ConvertTo-HexStringRepresentation -SIDByteArray $Bytes
 
        Convert the binary SID $Bytes to a hexadecimal string representation
    #>
    [OutputType([System.String[]])]
    param (
        # SID
        [byte[]]$SIDByteArray
    )

    $SIDHexString = $SIDByteArray |
    ForEach-Object {
        '{0:X}' -f $_
    }
    return $SIDHexString
}
function ConvertTo-HexStringRepresentationForLDAPFilterString {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Convert a SID from byte array format to a string representation of its hexadecimal format, properly formatted for an LDAP filter string
        .DESCRIPTION
        Uses the custom format operator -f to format each byte as a string hex representation
        .INPUTS
        [System.Byte[]]$SIDByteArray
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.String] SID as an array of strings representing the byte array's hexadecimal values
        .EXAMPLE
        ConvertTo-HexStringRepresentationForLDAPFilterString -SIDByteArray $Bytes
 
        Convert the binary SID $Bytes to a hexadecimal string representation, formatted for use in an LDAP filter string
    #>
    [OutputType([System.String])]
    param (
        # SID to convert to a hex string
        [byte[]]$SIDByteArray
    )
    $Hexes = $SIDByteArray |
    ForEach-Object {
        '{0:X}' -f $_
    } |
    ForEach-Object {
        if ($_.Length -eq 2) {
            $_
        } else {
            "0$_"
        }
    }
    "\$($Hexes -join '\')"
}
function ConvertTo-SidByteArray {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Convert a SID from a string to binary format (byte array)
        .DESCRIPTION
        Uses the GetBinaryForm method of the [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier] class
        .INPUTS
        [System.String]$SidString
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.Byte] SID a a byte array
        .EXAMPLE
        ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString $SID
 
        Convert the SID string to a byte array
    #>
    [OutputType([System.Byte[]])]
    param (
        # SID to convert to binary
        [Parameter(ValueFromPipeline)]
        [string[]]$SidString
    )
    process {
        ForEach ($ThisSID in $SidString) {
            $SID = [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new($ThisSID)
            [byte[]]$Bytes = [byte[]]::new($SID.BinaryLength)
            $SID.GetBinaryForm($Bytes, 0)
            $Bytes
        }
    }
}
function Expand-AdsiGroupMember {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Use the LDAP provider to add information about group members to a DirectoryEntry of a group for easier access
        .DESCRIPTION
        Recursively retrieves group members and detailed information about them
        Specifically gets the SID, and resolves foreign security principals to their DirectoryEntry from the trusted domain
        .INPUTS
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]$DirectoryEntry
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry] Returned with member info added now (if the DirectoryEntry is a group).
        .EXAMPLE
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::new('WinNT://localhost/Administrators') | Get-AdsiGroupMember | Expand-AdsiGroupMember
 
        Need to fix example and add notes
    #>
    [OutputType([System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry])]
    param (

        # Expecting a DirectoryEntry from the LDAP or WinNT providers, or a PSObject imitation from Get-DirectoryEntry
        [parameter(ValueFromPipeline)]
        $DirectoryEntry,

        # Properties of the group members to retrieve
        [string[]]$PropertiesToLoad = (@('Department', 'description', 'distinguishedName', 'grouptype', 'managedby', 'member', 'name', 'objectClass', 'objectSid', 'operatingSystem', 'primaryGroupToken', 'samAccountName', 'Title')),

        # Cache of known Win32_Account instances keyed by domain and SID
        [hashtable]$Win32AccountsBySID = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Cache of known Win32_Account instances keyed by domain (e.g. CONTOSO) and Caption (NTAccount name e.g. CONTOSO\User1)
        [hashtable]$Win32AccountsByCaption = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Hashtable containing cached directory entries so they don't need to be retrieved from the directory again
 
        Uses a thread-safe hashtable by default
        #>
        [hashtable]$DirectoryEntryCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain NetBIOS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByNetbios = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain SIDs as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsBySid,

        # Hashtable with known domain DNS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByFqdn = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Dictionary of log messages for Write-LogMsg (can be thread-safe if a synchronized hashtable is provided)
        [hashtable]$LogMsgCache = $Global:LogMessages

    )
    begin {

        $LogParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            Type         = 'Debug'
            LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

        $LoggingParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

        # The DomainsBySID cache must be populated with trusted domains in order to translate foreign security principals
        if ( $DomainsBySid.Keys.Count -lt 1 ) {
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "# No valid DomainsBySid cache found"
            $DomainsBySid = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{}))

            $GetAdsiServerParams = @{
                Win32AccountsBySID     = $Win32AccountsBySID
                Win32AccountsByCaption = $Win32AccountsByCaption
                DirectoryEntryCache    = $DirectoryEntryCache
                DomainsByNetbios       = $DomainsByNetbios
                DomainsBySid           = $DomainsBySid
                DomainsByFqdn          = $DomainsByFqdn
                ThisFqdn               = $ThisFqdn
            }

            Get-TrustedDomain |
            ForEach-Object {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Get-AdsiServer -Fqdn $($_.DomainFqdn)"
                $null = Get-AdsiServer -Fqdn $_.DomainFqdn @GetAdsiServerParams @LoggingParams
            }
        } else {
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "# Valid DomainsBySid cache found"
        }

        $CacheParams = @{
            DirectoryEntryCache = $DirectoryEntryCache
            DomainsByNetbios    = $DomainsByNetbios
            DomainsBySid        = $DomainsBySid
        }

        $i = 0
    }

    process {

        ForEach ($Entry in $DirectoryEntry) {

            $i++

            #$status = ("$(Get-Date -Format s)`t$ThisHostname`tExpand-AdsiGroupMember`tStatus: Using ADSI to get info on group member $i`: " + $Entry.Name)
            #Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "$status"

            $Principal = $null

            if ($Entry.objectClass -contains 'foreignSecurityPrincipal') {

                if ($Entry.distinguishedName.Value -match '(?>^CN=)(?<SID>[^,]*)') {

                    [string]$SID = $Matches.SID

                    #The SID of the domain is the SID of the user minus the last block of numbers
                    $DomainSid = $SID.Substring(0, $Sid.LastIndexOf("-"))
                    $Domain = $DomainsBySid[$DomainSid]

                    $Principal = Get-DirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath "LDAP://$($Domain.Dns)/<SID=$SID>" @CacheParams @LogginParams

                    try {
                        $null = $Principal.RefreshCache($PropertiesToLoad)
                    } catch {
                        #$Success = $false
                        $Principal = $Entry
                        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # SID '$SID' could not be retrieved from domain '$Domain'"
                    }

                    # Recursively enumerate group members
                    if ($Principal.properties['objectClass'].Value -contains 'group') {
                        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "'$($Principal.properties['name'])' is a group in '$Domain'"
                        $AdsiGroupWithMembers = Get-AdsiGroupMember -Group $Principal -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @CacheParams @LoggingParams
                        $Principal = Expand-AdsiGroupMember -DirectoryEntry $AdsiGroupWithMembers.FullMembers -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn -ThisHostName $ThisHostName @CacheParams

                    }

                }

            } else {
                $Principal = $Entry
            }

            Add-SidInfo -InputObject $Principal -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid @LoggingParams

        }
    }

}
function Expand-IdentityReference {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Use ADSI to collect more information about the IdentityReference in NTFS Access Control Entries
        .DESCRIPTION
        Recursively retrieves group members and detailed information about them
        Use caching to reduce duplicate directory queries
        .INPUTS
        [System.Object]$AccessControlEntry
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.Object] The input object is returned with additional properties added:
            DirectoryEntry
            DomainDn
            DomainNetBIOS
            ObjectType
            Members (if the DirectoryEntry is a group).
 
        .EXAMPLE
        (Get-Acl).Access |
        Resolve-IdentityReference |
        Group-Object -Property IdentityReferenceResolved |
        Expand-IdentityReference
 
        Incomplete example but it shows the chain of functions to generate the expected input for this
    #>
    [OutputType([System.Object])]
    param (

        # The NTFS AccessControlEntry object(s), grouped by their IdentityReference property
        # TODO: Use System.Security.Principal.NTAccount instead
        [Parameter(ValueFromPipeline)]
        [System.Object[]]$AccessControlEntry,

        # Do not get group members
        [switch]$NoGroupMembers,

        # Thread-safe hashtable to use for caching directory entries and avoiding duplicate directory queries
        [hashtable]$IdentityReferenceCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Dictionary to cache directory entries to avoid redundant lookups
 
        Defaults to an empty thread-safe hashtable
        #>
        [hashtable]$DirectoryEntryCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain NetBIOS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByNetbios = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain SIDs as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsBySid = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain DNS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByFqdn = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Dictionary of log messages for Write-LogMsg (can be thread-safe if a synchronized hashtable is provided)
        [hashtable]$LogMsgCache = $Global:LogMessages

    )

    begin {

        $LogParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            Type         = 'Debug'
            LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

        $LoggingParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

        #Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "$(($AccessControlEntry | Measure).Count) unique IdentityReferences found in the $(($AccessControlEntry | Measure).Count) ACEs"

        # Get the SID of the current domain
        $CurrentDomain = (Get-CurrentDomain)

        # Convert the objectSID attribute (byte array) to a security descriptor string formatted according to SDDL syntax (Security Descriptor Definition Language)
        [string]$CurrentDomainSID = & { [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new([byte[]]$CurrentDomain.objectSid.Value, 0) } 2>$null

        #$i = 0

    }

    process {

        ForEach ($ThisIdentity in $AccessControlEntry) {

            if (-not $ThisIdentity) {
                continue
            }

            $ThisIdentityGroup = $ThisIdentity.Group

            #$i++
            #Calculate the completion percentage, and format it to show 0 decimal places
            #$percentage = "{0:N0}" -f (($i / ($AccessControlEntry.Count)) * 100)

            #Display the progress bar
            #$status = $percentage + "% - Using ADSI to get info on NTFS IdentityReference $i of " + $AccessControlEntry.Count + ": " + $ThisIdentity.Name
            #Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Status: $status"

            #Write-Progress -Activity ("Unique IdentityReferences: " + $AccessControlEntry.Count) -Status $status -PercentComplete $percentage

            if ($null -eq $IdentityReferenceCache[$ThisIdentity.Name]) {

                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # IdentityReferenceCache miss for '$($ThisIdentity.Name)'"

                $DomainDN = $null
                $DirectoryEntry = $null
                $Members = $null
                $ObjectType = $null

                $GetDirectoryEntryParams = @{
                    DirectoryEntryCache = $DirectoryEntryCache
                    DomainsByNetbios    = $DomainsByNetbios
                    ThisHostname        = $ThisHostname
                    LogMsgCache         = $LogMsgCache
                    WhoAmI              = $WhoAmI
                }
                $SearchDirectoryParams = @{
                    DirectoryEntryCache = $DirectoryEntryCache
                    DomainsByNetbios    = $DomainsByNetbios
                    ThisHostname        = $ThisHostname
                    LogMsgCache         = $LogMsgCache
                    WhoAmI              = $WhoAmI
                }

                $StartingIdentityName = $ThisIdentity.Name
                $split = $StartingIdentityName.Split('\')
                $DomainNetBIOS = $split[0]
                $SamaccountnameOrSid = $split[1]

                if (
                    $null -ne $SamaccountnameOrSid -and
                    @($ThisIdentity.Group.AdsiProvider)[0] -eq 'LDAP'
                ) {
                    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$StartingIdentityName' is a domain security principal"

                    $DomainNetbiosCacheResult = $DomainsByNetbios[$DomainNetBIOS]
                    if ($DomainNetbiosCacheResult) {
                        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain NetBIOS cache hit for '$DomainNetBIOS' for '$StartingIdentityName'"
                        $DomainDn = $DomainNetbiosCacheResult.DistinguishedName
                        $SearchDirectoryParams['DirectoryPath'] = "LDAP://$($DomainNetbiosCacheResult.Dns)/$DomainDn"
                    } else {
                        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain NetBIOS cache miss for '$DomainNetBIOS' for '$StartingIdentityName'"
                        if ( -not [string]::IsNullOrEmpty($DomainNetBIOS) ) {
                            $DomainDn = ConvertTo-DistinguishedName -Domain $DomainNetBIOS -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios @LoggingParams
                        }
                        $SearchDirectoryParams['DirectoryPath'] = Add-DomainFqdnToLdapPath -DirectoryPath "LDAP://$DomainNetBIOS" -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LogParams
                    }

                    # Search the domain for the principal
                    $SearchDirectoryParams['Filter'] = "(samaccountname=$SamaccountnameOrSid)"
                    $SearchDirectoryParams['PropertiesToLoad'] = @(
                        'objectClass',
                        'objectSid',
                        'samAccountName',
                        'distinguishedName',
                        'name',
                        'grouptype',
                        'description',
                        'managedby',
                        'member',
                        'Department',
                        'Title',
                        'primaryGroupToken'
                    )
                    try {
                        $DirectoryEntry = Search-Directory @SearchDirectoryParams
                    } catch {
                        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Type Warning -Text " # '$StartingIdentityName' could not be resolved against its directory"
                        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Type Warning -Text " # $($_.Exception.Message) for '$StartingIdentityName"
                    }

                } elseif (
                    $StartingIdentityName.Substring(0, $StartingIdentityName.LastIndexOf('-') + 1) -eq $CurrentDomainSID
                ) {
                    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$StartingIdentityName' is an unresolved SID from the current domain"

                    # Get the distinguishedName and netBIOSName of the current domain. This also determines whether the domain is online.
                    $DomainDN = $CurrentDomain.distinguishedName.Value
                    $DomainFQDN = ConvertTo-Fqdn -DistinguishedName $DomainDN -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams

                    $SearchDirectoryParams['DirectoryPath'] = "LDAP://$DomainFQDN/cn=partitions,cn=configuration,$DomainDn"
                    $SearchDirectoryParams['Filter'] = "(&(objectcategory=crossref)(dnsroot=$DomainFQDN)(netbiosname=*))"
                    $SearchDirectoryParams['PropertiesToLoad'] = 'netbiosname'

                    $DomainCrossReference = Search-Directory @SearchDirectoryParams
                    if ($DomainCrossReference.Properties ) {
                        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # The domain '$DomainFQDN' is online for '$StartingIdentityName'"
                        [string]$DomainNetBIOS = $DomainCrossReference.Properties['netbiosname']
                        # TODO: The domain is online, so let's see if any domain trusts have issues? Determine if SID is foreign security principal?
                        # TODO: What if the foreign security principal exists but the corresponding domain trust is down? Don't want to recommend deletion of the ACE in that case.
                    }
                    $SidObject = [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new($StartingIdentityName)
                    $SidBytes = [byte[]]::new($SidObject.BinaryLength)
                    $null = $SidObject.GetBinaryForm($SidBytes, 0)
                    $ObjectSid = ConvertTo-HexStringRepresentationForLDAPFilterString -SIDByteArray $SidBytes
                    $SearchDirectoryParams['DirectoryPath'] = "LDAP://$DomainFQDN/$DomainDn"
                    $SearchDirectoryParams['Filter'] = "(objectsid=$ObjectSid)"
                    $SearchDirectoryParams['PropertiesToLoad'] = @(
                        'objectClass',
                        'objectSid',
                        'samAccountName',
                        'distinguishedName',
                        'name',
                        'grouptype',
                        'description',
                        'managedby',
                        'member',
                        'Department',
                        'Title',
                        'primaryGroupToken'
                    )
                    try {
                        $DirectoryEntry = Search-Directory @SearchDirectoryParams
                    } catch {
                        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Type Warning -Text " # '$StartingIdentityName' could not be resolved against its directory"
                        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Type Warning -Text " # $($_.Exception.Message) for '$StartingIdentityName'"
                    }

                } else {

                    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$StartingIdentityName' is a local security principal or unresolved SID"

                    if ($null -eq $SamaccountnameOrSid) { $SamaccountnameOrSid = $StartingIdentityName }

                    if ($SamaccountnameOrSid -like "S-1-*") {

                        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "$($StartingIdentityName) is an unresolved SID"

                        # The SID of the domain is the SID of the user minus the last block of numbers
                        $DomainSid = $SamaccountnameOrSid.Substring(0, $SamaccountnameOrSid.LastIndexOf("-"))

                        # Determine if SID belongs to current domain
                        if ($DomainSid -eq $CurrentDomainSID) {
                            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "$($StartingIdentityName) belongs to the current domain. Could be a deleted user. ?possibly a foreign security principal corresponding to an offline trusted domain or deleted user in the trusted domain?"
                        } else {
                            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "$($StartingIdentityName) does not belong to the current domain. Could be a local security principal or belong to an unresolvable domain."
                        }

                        # Lookup other information about the domain using its SID as the key
                        $DomainObject = $DomainsBySID[$DomainSid]
                        if ($DomainObject) {
                            $GetDirectoryEntryParams['DirectoryPath'] = "WinNT://$($DomainObject.Dns)/Users,group"
                            $DomainNetBIOS = $DomainObject.Netbios
                        } else {
                            $GetDirectoryEntryParams['DirectoryPath'] = "WinNT://$DomainNetBIOS/Users,group"
                        }

                        try {
                            $UsersGroup = Get-DirectoryEntry @GetDirectoryEntryParams
                        } catch {
                            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Type Warning -Text "Could not get '$($GetDirectoryEntryParams['DirectoryPath'])' using PSRemoting"
                            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Type Warning -Text "$_"
                        }
                        $MembersOfUsersGroup = Get-WinNTGroupMember -DirectoryEntry $UsersGroup -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams

                        $DirectoryEntry = $MembersOfUsersGroup |
                        Where-Object -FilterScript { ($SamaccountnameOrSid -eq [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new([byte[]]$_.Properties['objectSid'].Value, 0)) }

                        if ($DirectoryEntry.Name) {
                            $AccountName = $DirectoryEntry.Name
                        } else {
                            if ($DirectoryEntry.Properties) {
                                if ($DirectoryEntry.Properties['name'].Value) {
                                    $AccountName = $DirectoryEntry.Properties['name'].Value
                                } else {
                                    $AccountName = $DirectoryEntry.Properties['name']
                                }
                            }
                        }

                        $ThisIdentity = [pscustomobject]@{
                            Count = $(($ThisIdentityGroup | Measure-Object).Count)
                            Name  = "$DomainNetBIOS\" + $AccountName
                            Group = $ThisIdentityGroup
                            # Unclear why this was filtered so I have removed it to see what happens
                            #Group = $ThisIdentityGroup | Where-Object -FilterScript { ($_.SourceAccessList.Path -split '\\')[2] -eq $DomainNetBIOS } # Should be already Resolved to a UNC path so it reflects the server name
                        }

                    } else {
                        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$StartingIdentityName' is a local security principal"
                        $DomainNetbiosCacheResult = $DomainsByNetbios[$DomainNetBIOS]
                        if ($DomainNetbiosCacheResult) {
                            $GetDirectoryEntryParams['DirectoryPath'] = "WinNT://$($DomainNetbiosCacheResult.Dns)/$SamaccountnameOrSid"
                        } else {
                            $GetDirectoryEntryParams['DirectoryPath'] = "WinNT://$DomainNetBIOS/$SamaccountnameOrSid"
                        }
                        $GetDirectoryEntryParams['PropertiesToLoad'] = @(
                            'members',
                            'objectClass',
                            'objectSid',
                            'samAccountName',
                            'distinguishedName',
                            'name',
                            'grouptype',
                            'description',
                            'managedby',
                            'member',
                            'Department',
                            'Title',
                            'primaryGroupToken'
                        )
                        try {
                            $DirectoryEntry = Get-DirectoryEntry @GetDirectoryEntryParams
                        } catch {
                            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Type Warning -Text " # '$($GetDirectoryEntryParams['DirectoryPath'])' could not be resolved for '$StartingIdentityName'. Error: $($_.Exception.Message.Trim())"
                        }
                    }
                }

                $PropertiesToAdd = @{
                    DomainDn       = $DomainDn
                    DomainNetbios  = $DomainNetBIOS
                    DirectoryEntry = $DirectoryEntry
                }
                if ($null -ne $DirectoryEntry) {

                    # WinNT objects have a SchemaClassName property which is a string
                    # LDAP objects have an objectClass property which is an ordered list of strings, the last being the class name of the object instance
                    # ToDo: LDAP objects may have SchemaClassName too. When/why? Should I just request it always in the list of properties?
                    if (-not $DirectoryEntry.SchemaClassName) {
                        $PropertiesToAdd['SchemaClassName'] = @($DirectoryEntry.Properties['objectClass'])[-1] #untested but should work, last value should be the correct one https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/ad/retrieving-the-objectclass-property
                    }

                    if ($NoGroupMembers -eq $false) {

                        if (
                            # WinNT DirectoryEntries do not contain an objectClass property
                            # If this property exists it is an LDAP DirectoryEntry rather than WinNT
                            $PropertiesToAdd['SchemaClassName'] -eq 'group'
                        ) {
                            # Retrieve the members of groups from the LDAP provider
                            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$($DirectoryEntry.Path)' is an LDAP security principal for '$StartingIdentityName'"
                            $Members = (Get-AdsiGroupMember -Group $DirectoryEntry -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams).FullMembers
                        } else {
                            # Retrieve the members of groups from the WinNT provider
                            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$($DirectoryEntry.Path)' is a WinNT security principal for '$StartingIdentityName'"
                            if ( $DirectoryEntry.SchemaClassName -eq 'group') {
                                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$($DirectoryEntry.Path)' is a WinNT group for '$StartingIdentityName'"
                                $Members = Get-WinNTGroupMember -DirectoryEntry $DirectoryEntry -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
                            }
                        }

                        # (Get-AdsiGroupMember).FullMembers or Get-WinNTGroupMember could return an array with null members so we must verify that is not true
                        if ($Members) {
                            $Members |
                            ForEach-Object {

                                if ($_.Domain) {

                                    Add-Member -InputObject $_ -Force -NotePropertyMembers @{
                                        Group = $ThisIdentityGroup
                                    }

                                } else {

                                    Add-Member -InputObject $_ -Force -NotePropertyMembers @{
                                        Group  = $ThisIdentityGroup
                                        Domain = [pscustomobject]@{
                                            Dns     = $DomainNetBIOS
                                            Netbios = $DomainNetBIOS
                                            Sid     = ($SamaccountnameOrSid -split '-') | Select-Object -Last 1
                                        }
                                    }

                                }
                            }
                        }

                        $PropertiesToAdd['Members'] = $Members
                        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # $($DirectoryEntry.Path) has $(($Members | Measure-Object).Count) members for '$StartingIdentityName'"

                    }
                } else {
                    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Type Warning -Text " # '$StartingIdentityName' could not be matched to a DirectoryEntry"
                }

                Add-Member -InputObject $ThisIdentity -Force -NotePropertyMembers $PropertiesToAdd
                $IdentityReferenceCache[$StartingIdentityName] = $ThisIdentity

            } else {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # IdentityReferenceCache hit for '$($ThisIdentity.Name)'"
                $null = $IdentityReferenceCache[$ThisIdentity.Name].Group.Add($ThisIdentityGroup)
                $ThisIdentity = $IdentityReferenceCache[$ThisIdentity.Name]
            }

            $ThisIdentity

        }

    }

}
function Expand-WinNTGroupMember {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Use the LDAP provider to add information about group members to a DirectoryEntry of a group for easier access
        .DESCRIPTION
        Recursively retrieves group members and detailed information about them
        .INPUTS
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]$DirectoryEntry
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry] Returned with member info added now (if the DirectoryEntry is a group).
        .EXAMPLE
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::new('WinNT://localhost/Administrators') | Get-WinNTGroupMember | Expand-WinNTGroupMember
 
        Need to fix example and add notes
    #>
    [OutputType([System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry])]
    param (

        # Expecting a DirectoryEntry from the WinNT provider, or a PSObject imitation from Get-DirectoryEntry
        [Parameter(ValueFromPipeline)]
        $DirectoryEntry,

        <#
        Dictionary to cache directory entries to avoid redundant lookups
 
        Defaults to an empty thread-safe hashtable
        #>
        [hashtable]$DirectoryEntryCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain NetBIOS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByNetbios = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain SIDs as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsBySid = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain DNS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByFqdn = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Dictionary of log messages for Write-LogMsg (can be thread-safe if a synchronized hashtable is provided)
        [hashtable]$LogMsgCache = $Global:LogMessages

    )
    begin {

        $LogParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            Type         = 'Debug'
            LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

        $LoggingParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

    }
    process {
        ForEach ($ThisEntry in $DirectoryEntry) {

            if (!($ThisEntry.Properties)) {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Type Warning -Text "'$ThisEntry' has no properties"
            } elseif ($ThisEntry.Properties['objectClass'] -contains 'group') {

                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "'$($ThisEntry.Path)' is an ADSI group"
                $AdsiGroup = Get-AdsiGroup -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DirectoryPath $ThisEntry.Path -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
                Add-SidInfo -InputObject $AdsiGroup.FullMembers -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid @LoggingParams

            } else {

                if ($ThisEntry.SchemaClassName -eq 'group') {
                    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "'$($ThisEntry.Path)' is a WinNT group"

                    if ($ThisEntry.GetType().FullName -eq 'System.Collections.Hashtable') {
                        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "$($ThisEntry.Path)' is a special group with no direct memberships"
                        Add-SidInfo -InputObject $ThisEntry -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid @LoggingParams
                    } else {
                        Get-WinNTGroupMember -DirectoryEntry $ThisEntry -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
                    }

                } else {
                    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "$($ThisEntry.Path)' is a user account"
                    Add-SidInfo -InputObject $ThisEntry -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid @LoggingParams
                }

            }

        }
    }
}
function Find-AdsiProvider {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Determine whether a directory server is an LDAP or a WinNT server
        .DESCRIPTION
        Uses the ADSI provider to attempt to query the server using LDAP first, then WinNT second
        .INPUTS
        [System.String] AdsiServer parameter.
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.String] Possible return values are:
            None
            LDAP
            WinNT
        .EXAMPLE
        Find-AdsiProvider -AdsiServer localhost
 
        Find the ADSI provider of the local computer
        .EXAMPLE
        Find-AdsiProvider -AdsiServer 'ad.contoso.com'
 
        Find the ADSI provider of the AD domain 'ad.contoso.com'
    #>
    [OutputType([System.String])]

    param (

        # IP address or hostname of the directory server whose ADSI provider type to determine
        [Parameter(ValueFromPipeline)]
        [string[]]$AdsiServer,

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Dictionary of log messages for Write-LogMsg (can be thread-safe if a synchronized hashtable is provided)
        [hashtable]$LogMsgCache = $Global:LogMessages

    )
    begin {

        $LogParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            Type         = 'Debug'
            LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

    }
    process {
        ForEach ($ThisServer in $AdsiServer) {
            $AdsiProvider = $null
            $AdsiPath = "LDAP://$ThisServer"
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "[System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::Exists('$AdsiPath')"
            try {
                $null = [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::Exists($AdsiPath)
                $AdsiProvider = 'LDAP'
            } catch { Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # $ThisServer did not respond to LDAP" }
            if (!$AdsiProvider) {
                $AdsiPath = "WinNT://$ThisServer"
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "[System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::Exists('$AdsiPath')"
                try {
                    $null = [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::Exists($AdsiPath)
                    $AdsiProvider = 'WinNT'
                } catch {
                    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # $ThisServer did not respond to WinNT"
                }
            }
            if (!$AdsiProvider) {
                $AdsiProvider = 'none'
            }
        }
        $AdsiProvider
    }
}
function Find-LocalAdsiServerSid {
    param (
        [string]$ComputerName,

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Dictionary of log messages for Write-LogMsg (can be thread-safe if a synchronized hashtable is provided)
        [hashtable]$LogMsgCache = $Global:LogMessages

    )

    $LogParams = @{
        ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
        Type         = 'Debug'
        LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
        WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
    }

    $LoggingParams = @{
        ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
        LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
        WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
    }

    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Get-Win32UserAccount -ComputerName '$ComputerName'"
    $Win32UserAccounts = Get-Win32UserAccount -ComputerName $ComputerName -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
    if (-not $Win32UserAccounts) {
        return
    }
    [string]$LocalAccountSID = @($Win32UserAccounts.SID)[0]
    return $LocalAccountSID.Substring(0, $LocalAccountSID.LastIndexOf("-"))
}
function Get-AdsiGroup {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Get the directory entries for a group and its members using ADSI
        .DESCRIPTION
        Uses the ADSI components to search a directory for a group, then get its members
        Both the WinNT and LDAP providers are supported
        .INPUTS
        None. Pipeline input is not accepted.
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry] for each group memeber
        .EXAMPLE
        Get-AdsiGroup -DirectoryPath 'WinNT://WORKGROUP/localhost' -GroupName Administrators
 
        Get members of the local Administrators group
        .EXAMPLE
        Get-AdsiGroup -GroupName Administrators
 
        On a domain-joined computer, this will get members of the domain's Administrators group
        On a workgroup computer, this will get members of the local Administrators group
    #>
    [OutputType([System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry])]

    param (

        <#
        Path to the directory object to retrieve
        Defaults to the root of the current domain
        #>
        [string]$DirectoryPath = (([System.DirectoryServices.DirectorySearcher]::new()).SearchRoot.Path),

        # Name (CN or Common Name) of the group to retrieve
        [string]$GroupName,

        # Properties of the group members to retrieve
        [string[]]$PropertiesToLoad = (@('Department', 'description', 'distinguishedName', 'grouptype', 'managedby', 'member', 'name', 'objectClass', 'objectSid', 'operatingSystem', 'primaryGroupToken', 'samAccountName', 'Title')),

        <#
        Dictionary to cache directory entries to avoid redundant lookups
 
        Defaults to an empty thread-safe hashtable
        #>
        [hashtable]$DirectoryEntryCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain NetBIOS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByNetbios = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain SIDs as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsBySid = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain DNS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByFqdn = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Dictionary of log messages for Write-LogMsg (can be thread-safe if a synchronized hashtable is provided)
        [hashtable]$LogMsgCache = $Global:LogMessages

    )
    $GroupParams = @{
        DirectoryPath       = $DirectoryPath
        PropertiesToLoad    = $PropertiesToLoad
        DirectoryEntryCache = $DirectoryEntryCache
        DomainsByFqdn       = $DomainsByFqdn
        DomainsByNetbios    = $DomainsByNetbios
        DomainsBySid        = $DomainsBySid
        ThisHostname        = $ThisHostname
        LogMsgCache         = $LogMsgCache
        WhoAmI              = $WhoAmI
    }
    $GroupMemberParams = @{
        PropertiesToLoad    = $PropertiesToLoad
        DirectoryEntryCache = $DirectoryEntryCache
        DomainsByFqdn       = $DomainsByFqdn
        DomainsByNetbios    = $DomainsByNetbios
        DomainsBySid        = $DomainsBySid
        ThisHostName        = $ThisHostName
        ThisFqdn            = $ThisFqdn
        LogMsgCache         = $LogMsgCache
        WhoAmI              = $WhoAmI
    }

    switch -Regex ($DirectoryPath) {
        '^WinNT' {
            $GroupParams['DirectoryPath'] = "$DirectoryPath/$GroupName"
            $GroupMemberParams['DirectoryEntry'] = Get-DirectoryEntry @GroupParams
            $FullMembers = Get-WinNTGroupMember @GroupMemberParams
        }
        '^$' {
            # This is expected for a workgroup computer
            $GroupParams['DirectoryPath'] = "WinNT://localhost/$GroupName"
            $GroupMemberParams['DirectoryEntry'] = Get-DirectoryEntry @GroupParams
            $FullMembers = Get-WinNTGroupMember @GroupMemberParams
        }
        default {
            if ($GroupName) {
                $GroupParams['Filter'] = "(&(objectClass=group)(cn=$GroupName))"
            } else {
                $GroupParams['Filter'] = "(objectClass=group)"
            }
            $GroupMemberParams['Group'] = Search-Directory @GroupParams
            $FullMembers = Get-AdsiGroupMember @GroupMemberParams
        }
    }

    $FullMembers

}
function Get-AdsiGroupMember {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Get members of a group from the LDAP provider
        .DESCRIPTION
        Use ADSI to get members of a group from the LDAP provider
        Return the group's DirectoryEntry plus a FullMembers property containing the member DirectoryEntries
        .INPUTS
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]$DirectoryEntry
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry] plus a FullMembers property
        .EXAMPLE
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::new('LDAP://ad.contoso.com/CN=Administrators,CN=BuiltIn,DC=ad,DC=contoso,DC=com') | Get-AdsiGroupMember
 
        Get members of the domain Administrators group
    #>
    [OutputType([System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry])]
    param (

        # Directory entry of the LDAP group whose members to get
        [Parameter(ValueFromPipeline)]
        $Group,

        # Properties of the group members to find in the directory
        [string[]]$PropertiesToLoad,

        # Cache of known Win32_Account instances keyed by domain and SID
        [hashtable]$Win32AccountsBySID = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Cache of known Win32_Account instances keyed by domain (e.g. CONTOSO) and Caption (NTAccount name e.g. CONTOSO\User1)
        [hashtable]$Win32AccountsByCaption = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Hashtable containing cached directory entries so they don't have to be retrieved from the directory again
        Uses a thread-safe hashtable by default
        #>
        [hashtable]$DirectoryEntryCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain NetBIOS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByNetbios = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain SIDs as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsBySid = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain DNS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByFqdn = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Dictionary of log messages for Write-LogMsg (can be thread-safe if a synchronized hashtable is provided)
        [hashtable]$LogMsgCache = $Global:LogMessages,

        <#
        Perform a non-recursive search of the memberOf attribute
 
        Otherwise the search will be recursive by default
        #>
        [switch]$NoRecurse,

        <#
        Search the primaryGroupId attribute only
 
        Ignore the memberOf attribute
        #>
        [switch]$PrimaryGroupOnly

    )
    begin {

        $LogParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            Type         = 'Debug'
            LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

        $LoggingParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

        $PathRegEx = '(?<Path>LDAP:\/\/[^\/]*)'
        $DomainRegEx = '(?i)DC=\w{1,}?\b'

        $PropertiesToLoad += 'primaryGroupToken', 'objectSid', 'objectClass'

        $PropertiesToLoad = $PropertiesToLoad |
        Sort-Object -Unique

        $SearchParameters = @{
            PropertiesToLoad    = $PropertiesToLoad
            DirectoryEntryCache = $DirectoryEntryCache
            DomainsByNetbios    = $DomainsByNetbios
        }

        $CacheParams = @{
            DirectoryEntryCache = $DirectoryEntryCache
            DomainsByNetbios    = $DomainsByNetbios
            DomainsBySid        = $DomainsBySid
        }

    }
    process {

        foreach ($ThisGroup in $Group) {

            if (-not $ThisGroup.Properties['primaryGroupToken']) {
                $ThisGroup.RefreshCache('primaryGroupToken')
            }

            # The memberOf attribute does not reflect a user's Primary Group membership so the primaryGroupId attribute must be searched
            $primaryGroupIdFilter = "(primaryGroupId=$($ThisGroup.Properties['primaryGroupToken']))"

            if ($PrimaryGroupOnly) {
                $SearchParameters['Filter'] = $primaryGroupIdFilter
            } else {

                if ($NoRecurse) {
                    # Non-recursive search of the memberOf attribute
                    $MemberOfFilter = "(memberOf=$($ThisGroup.Properties['distinguishedname']))"
                } else {
                    # Recursive search of the memberOf attribute
                    $MemberOfFilter = "(memberOf:1.2.840.113556.1.4.1941:=$($ThisGroup.Properties['distinguishedname']))"
                }

                $SearchParameters['Filter'] = "(|$MemberOfFilter$primaryGroupIdFilter)"
            }

            if ($ThisGroup.Path -match $PathRegEx) {

                $SearchParameters['DirectoryPath'] = Add-DomainFqdnToLdapPath -DirectoryPath $Matches.Path -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams

                if ($ThisGroup.Path -match $DomainRegEx) {
                    $Domain = ([regex]::Matches($ThisGroup.Path, $DomainRegEx) | ForEach-Object { $_.Value }) -join ','
                    $SearchParameters['DirectoryPath'] = Add-DomainFqdnToLdapPath -DirectoryPath "LDAP://$Domain" -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
                } else {
                    $SearchParameters['DirectoryPath'] = Add-DomainFqdnToLdapPath -DirectoryPath $ThisGroup.Path -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
                }

            } else {
                $SearchParameters['DirectoryPath'] = Add-DomainFqdnToLdapPath -DirectoryPath $ThisGroup.Path -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
            }

            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Search-Directory -DirectoryPath '$($SearchParameters['DirectoryPath'])' -Filter '$($SearchParameters['Filter'])'"

            $GroupMemberSearch = Search-Directory @SearchParameters
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$($GroupMemberSearch.Count)' results for Search-Directory -DirectoryPath '$($SearchParameters['DirectoryPath'])' -Filter '$($SearchParameters['Filter'])'"

            if ($GroupMemberSearch.Count -gt 0) {
                $CurrentADGroupMembers = [System.Collections.Generic.List[System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]]::new()

                $MembersThatAreGroups = $GroupMemberSearch |
                Where-Object -FilterScript { $_.Properties['objectClass'] -contains 'group' }

                if ($MembersThatAreGroups.Count -gt 0) {
                    $FilterBuilder = [System.Text.StringBuilder]::new("(|")

                    $MembersThatAreGroups |
                    ForEach-Object {
                        $null = $FilterBuilder.Append("(primaryGroupId=$($_.Properties['primaryGroupToken'])))")
                    }

                    $null = $FilterBuilder.Append(")")
                    $PrimaryGroupFilter = $FilterBuilder.ToString()
                    $SearchParameters['Filter'] = $PrimaryGroupFilter
                    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Search-Directory -DirectoryPath '$($SearchParameters['DirectoryPath'])' -Filter '$($SearchParameters['Filter'])'"
                    $PrimaryGroupMembers = Search-Directory @SearchParameters

                    $PrimaryGroupMembers |
                    ForEach-Object {
                        $FQDNPath = Add-DomainFqdnToLdapPath -DirectoryPath $_.Path -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
                        $DirectoryEntry = $null
                        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Get-DirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath '$FQDNPath'"
                        $DirectoryEntry = Get-DirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath $FQDNPath -PropertiesToLoad $PropertiesToLoad @CacheParams @LoggingParams
                        if ($DirectoryEntry) {
                            $null = $CurrentADGroupMembers.Add($DirectoryEntry)
                        }
                    }
                }

                $GroupMemberSearch |
                ForEach-Object {
                    $FQDNPath = Add-DomainFqdnToLdapPath -DirectoryPath $_.Path -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
                    $DirectoryEntry = $null
                    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Get-DirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath '$FQDNPath'"
                    $DirectoryEntry = Get-DirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath $FQDNPath -PropertiesToLoad $PropertiesToLoad @CacheParams @LoggingParams
                    if ($DirectoryEntry) {
                        $null = $CurrentADGroupMembers.Add($DirectoryEntry)
                    }
                }

            } else {
                $CurrentADGroupMembers = $null
            }

            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "$($ThisGroup.Properties.name) has $(($CurrentADGroupMembers | Measure-Object).Count) members"

            $ProcessedGroupMembers = Expand-AdsiGroupMember -DirectoryEntry $CurrentADGroupMembers -Win32AccountsBySID $Win32AccountsBySID -Win32AccountsByCaption $Win32AccountsByCaption -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @CacheParams @LoggingParams

            Add-Member -InputObject $ThisGroup -MemberType NoteProperty -Name FullMembers -Value $ProcessedGroupMembers -Force -PassThru

        }
    }
}
function Get-AdsiServer {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Get information about a directory server including the ADSI provider it hosts and its well-known SIDs
        .DESCRIPTION
        Uses the ADSI provider to query the server using LDAP first, then WinNT upon failure
        Uses WinRM to query the CIM class Win32_SystemAccount for well-known SIDs
        .INPUTS
        [System.String]$Fqdn
        .OUTPUTS
        [PSCustomObject] with AdsiProvider and WellKnownSIDs properties
        .EXAMPLE
        Get-AdsiServer -Fqdn localhost
 
        Find the ADSI provider of the local computer
        .EXAMPLE
        Get-AdsiServer -Fqdn 'ad.contoso.com'
 
        Find the ADSI provider of the AD domain 'ad.contoso.com'
    #>
    [OutputType([System.String])]

    param (

        # IP address or hostname of the directory server whose ADSI provider type to determine
        [Parameter(ValueFromPipeline)]
        [string[]]$Fqdn,

        # NetBIOS name of the ADSI server whose information to determine
        [string[]]$Netbios,

        # Cache of known Win32_Account instances keyed by domain and SID
        [hashtable]$Win32AccountsBySID = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Cache of known Win32_Account instances keyed by domain (e.g. CONTOSO) and Caption (NTAccount name e.g. CONTOSO\User1)
        [hashtable]$Win32AccountsByCaption = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Dictionary to cache directory entries to avoid redundant lookups
 
        Defaults to an empty thread-safe hashtable
        #>
        [hashtable]$DirectoryEntryCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain NetBIOS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByNetbios = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain SIDs as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsBySid = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain DNS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName,AdsiProvider,Win32Accounts properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByFqdn = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Dictionary of log messages for Write-LogMsg (can be thread-safe if a synchronized hashtable is provided)
        [hashtable]$LogMsgCache = $Global:LogMessages

    )
    begin {

        $LogParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            Type         = 'Debug'
            LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

        $LoggingParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

        $CacheParams = @{
            DirectoryEntryCache = $DirectoryEntryCache
            DomainsByFqdn       = $DomainsByFqdn
            DomainsByNetbios    = $DomainsByNetbios
            DomainsBySid        = $DomainsBySid
        }

    }
    process {
        ForEach ($DomainFqdn in $Fqdn) {
            $OutputObject = $DomainsByFqdn[$DomainFqdn]
            if ($OutputObject) {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain FQDN cache hit for '$DomainFqdn'"
                $OutputObject
                continue
            }
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain FQDN cache miss for '$DomainFqdn'"

            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Find-AdsiProvider -AdsiServer '$DomainFqdn'"
            $AdsiProvider = Find-AdsiProvider -AdsiServer $DomainFqdn @LoggingParams
            $CacheParams['AdsiProvider'] = $AdsiProvider

            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "ConvertTo-DistinguishedName -AdsiProvider '$AdsiProvider' -DomainFQDN '$DomainFqdn'"
            $DomainDn = ConvertTo-DistinguishedName -DomainFQDN $DomainFqdn -AdsiProvider $AdsiProvider @LoggingParams

            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "ConvertTo-DomainSidString -AdsiProvider '$AdsiProvider' -DomainDnsName '$DomainFqdn'"
            $DomainSid = ConvertTo-DomainSidString -DomainDnsName $DomainFqdn -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @CacheParams @LoggingParams

            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "ConvertTo-DomainNetBIOS -AdsiProvider '$AdsiProvider' -DomainFQDN '$DomainFqdn'"
            $DomainNetBIOS = ConvertTo-DomainNetBIOS -DomainFQDN $DomainFqdn @CacheParams @LoggingParams

            <#
            PS C:\Users\Owner> wmic SYSACCOUNT get name,sid
                Name SID
                Everyone S-1-1-0
                LOCAL S-1-2-0
                CREATOR OWNER S-1-3-0
                CREATOR GROUP S-1-3-1
                CREATOR OWNER SERVER S-1-3-2
                CREATOR GROUP SERVER S-1-3-3
                OWNER RIGHTS S-1-3-4
                DIALUP S-1-5-1
                NETWORK S-1-5-2
                BATCH S-1-5-3
                INTERACTIVE S-1-5-4
                SERVICE S-1-5-6
                ANONYMOUS LOGON S-1-5-7
                PROXY S-1-5-8
                SYSTEM S-1-5-18
                ENTERPRISE DOMAIN CONTROLLERS S-1-5-9
                SELF S-1-5-10
                Authenticated Users S-1-5-11
                RESTRICTED S-1-5-12
                TERMINAL SERVER USER S-1-5-13
                REMOTE INTERACTIVE LOGON S-1-5-14
                IUSR S-1-5-17
                LOCAL SERVICE S-1-5-19
                NETWORK SERVICE S-1-5-20
                BUILTIN S-1-5-32
 
 
             # PS 5.1 returns fewer results than PS 7.4
                PS C:\Users\Owner> ForEach ($SidType in [System.Security.Principal.WellKnownSidType].GetEnumNames()) {$var = [System.Security.Principal.WellKnownSidType]::$SidType; [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new($var,$LogonDomainSid) |Add-Member -PassThru -NotePropertyMembers @{'WellKnownSidType' = $SidType}}
 
                    WellKnownSidType BinaryLength AccountDomainSid Value
                    ---------------- ------------ ---------------- -----
                    NullSid 12 S-1-0-0
                    WorldSid 12 S-1-1-0
                    LocalSid 12 S-1-2-0
                    CreatorOwnerSid 12 S-1-3-0
                    CreatorGroupSid 12 S-1-3-1
                    CreatorOwnerServerSid 12 S-1-3-2
                    CreatorGroupServerSid 12 S-1-3-3
                    NTAuthoritySid 8 S-1-5
                    DialupSid 12 S-1-5-1
                    NetworkSid 12 S-1-5-2
                    BatchSid 12 S-1-5-3
                    InteractiveSid 12 S-1-5-4
                    ServiceSid 12 S-1-5-6
                    AnonymousSid 12 S-1-5-7
                    ProxySid 12 S-1-5-8
                    EnterpriseControllersSid 12 S-1-5-9
                    SelfSid 12 S-1-5-10
                    AuthenticatedUserSid 12 S-1-5-11
                    RestrictedCodeSid 12 S-1-5-12
                    TerminalServerSid 12 S-1-5-13
                    RemoteLogonIdSid 12 S-1-5-14
                    Exception calling ".ctor" with "2" argument(s): "Well-known SIDs of type LogonIdsSid cannot be created.
                    Parameter name: sidType"
                    At line:1 char:147
                    + ... ::$SidType; [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new($var, ...
                    + ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                        + CategoryInfo : NotSpecified: (:) [], MethodInvocationException
                        + FullyQualifiedErrorId : ArgumentException
 
                    LocalSystemSid 12 S-1-5-18
                    LocalServiceSid 12 S-1-5-19
                    NetworkServiceSid 12 S-1-5-20
                    BuiltinDomainSid 12 S-1-5-32
                    BuiltinAdministratorsSid 16 S-1-5-32-544
                    BuiltinUsersSid 16 S-1-5-32-545
                    BuiltinGuestsSid 16 S-1-5-32-546
                    BuiltinPowerUsersSid 16 S-1-5-32-547
                    BuiltinAccountOperatorsSid 16 S-1-5-32-548
                    BuiltinSystemOperatorsSid 16 S-1-5-32-549
                    BuiltinPrintOperatorsSid 16 S-1-5-32-550
                    BuiltinBackupOperatorsSid 16 S-1-5-32-551
                    BuiltinReplicatorSid 16 S-1-5-32-552
                    BuiltinPreWindows2000CompatibleAccessSid 16 S-1-5-32-554
                    BuiltinRemoteDesktopUsersSid 16 S-1-5-32-555
                    BuiltinNetworkConfigurationOperatorsSid 16 S-1-5-32-556
                    AccountAdministratorSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-500
                    AccountGuestSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-501
                    AccountKrbtgtSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-502
                    AccountDomainAdminsSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-512
                    AccountDomainUsersSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-513
                    AccountDomainGuestsSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-514
                    AccountComputersSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-515
                    AccountControllersSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-516
                    AccountCertAdminsSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-517
                    AccountSchemaAdminsSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-518
                    AccountEnterpriseAdminsSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-519
                    AccountPolicyAdminsSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-520
                    AccountRasAndIasServersSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-553
                    NtlmAuthenticationSid 16 S-1-5-64-10
                    DigestAuthenticationSid 16 S-1-5-64-21
                    SChannelAuthenticationSid 16 S-1-5-64-14
                    ThisOrganizationSid 12 S-1-5-15
                    OtherOrganizationSid 12 S-1-5-1000
                    BuiltinIncomingForestTrustBuildersSid 16 S-1-5-32-557
                    BuiltinPerformanceMonitoringUsersSid 16 S-1-5-32-558
                    BuiltinPerformanceLoggingUsersSid 16 S-1-5-32-559
                    BuiltinAuthorizationAccessSid 16 S-1-5-32-560
                    WinBuiltinTerminalServerLicenseServersSid 16 S-1-5-32-561
                    MaxDefined 16 S-1-5-32-561
 
            # PS 7 returns more results
                PS C:\Users\Owner> ForEach ($SidType in [System.Security.Principal.WellKnownSidType].GetEnumNames()) {$var = [System.Security.Principal.WellKnownSidType]::$SidType; [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new($var,$LogonDomainSid) |Add-Member -PassThru -NotePropertyMembers @{'WellKnownSidType' = $SidType}}
 
                    WellKnownSidType BinaryLength AccountDomainSid Value
                    ---------------- ------------ ---------------- -----
                    NullSid 12 S-1-0-0
                    WorldSid 12 S-1-1-0
                    LocalSid 12 S-1-2-0
                    CreatorOwnerSid 12 S-1-3-0
                    CreatorGroupSid 12 S-1-3-1
                    CreatorOwnerServerSid 12 S-1-3-2
                    CreatorGroupServerSid 12 S-1-3-3
                    NTAuthoritySid 8 S-1-5
                    DialupSid 12 S-1-5-1
                    NetworkSid 12 S-1-5-2
                    BatchSid 12 S-1-5-3
                    InteractiveSid 12 S-1-5-4
                    ServiceSid 12 S-1-5-6
                    AnonymousSid 12 S-1-5-7
                    ProxySid 12 S-1-5-8
                    EnterpriseControllersSid 12 S-1-5-9
                    SelfSid 12 S-1-5-10
                    AuthenticatedUserSid 12 S-1-5-11
                    RestrictedCodeSid 12 S-1-5-12
                    TerminalServerSid 12 S-1-5-13
                    RemoteLogonIdSid 12 S-1-5-14
                    MethodInvocationException: Exception calling ".ctor" with "2" argument(s): "Well-known SIDs of type LogonIdsSid cannot be created. (Parameter 'sidType')"
                    LocalSystemSid 12 S-1-5-18
                    LocalServiceSid 12 S-1-5-19
                    NetworkServiceSid 12 S-1-5-20
                    BuiltinDomainSid 12 S-1-5-32
                    BuiltinAdministratorsSid 16 S-1-5-32-544
                    BuiltinUsersSid 16 S-1-5-32-545
                    BuiltinGuestsSid 16 S-1-5-32-546
                    BuiltinPowerUsersSid 16 S-1-5-32-547
                    BuiltinAccountOperatorsSid 16 S-1-5-32-548
                    BuiltinSystemOperatorsSid 16 S-1-5-32-549
                    BuiltinPrintOperatorsSid 16 S-1-5-32-550
                    BuiltinBackupOperatorsSid 16 S-1-5-32-551
                    BuiltinReplicatorSid 16 S-1-5-32-552
                    BuiltinPreWindows2000CompatibleAccessSid 16 S-1-5-32-554
                    BuiltinRemoteDesktopUsersSid 16 S-1-5-32-555
                    BuiltinNetworkConfigurationOperatorsSid 16 S-1-5-32-556
                    AccountAdministratorSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-500
                    AccountGuestSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-501
                    AccountKrbtgtSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-502
                    AccountDomainAdminsSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-512
                    AccountDomainUsersSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-513
                    AccountDomainGuestsSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-514
                    AccountComputersSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-515
                    AccountControllersSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-516
                    AccountCertAdminsSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-517
                    AccountSchemaAdminsSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-518
                    AccountEnterpriseAdminsSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-519
                    AccountPolicyAdminsSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-520
                    AccountRasAndIasServersSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-553
                    NtlmAuthenticationSid 16 S-1-5-64-10
                    DigestAuthenticationSid 16 S-1-5-64-21
                    SChannelAuthenticationSid 16 S-1-5-64-14
                    ThisOrganizationSid 12 S-1-5-15
                    OtherOrganizationSid 12 S-1-5-1000
                    BuiltinIncomingForestTrustBuildersSid 16 S-1-5-32-557
                    BuiltinPerformanceMonitoringUsersSid 16 S-1-5-32-558
                    BuiltinPerformanceLoggingUsersSid 16 S-1-5-32-559
                    BuiltinAuthorizationAccessSid 16 S-1-5-32-560
                    WinBuiltinTerminalServerLicenseServersSid 16 S-1-5-32-561
                    MaxDefined 16 S-1-5-32-561
                    WinBuiltinDCOMUsersSid 16 S-1-5-32-562
                    WinBuiltinIUsersSid 16 S-1-5-32-568
                    WinIUserSid 12 S-1-5-17
                    WinBuiltinCryptoOperatorsSid 16 S-1-5-32-569
                    WinUntrustedLabelSid 12 S-1-16-0
                    WinLowLabelSid 12 S-1-16-4096
                    WinMediumLabelSid 12 S-1-16-8192
                    WinHighLabelSid 12 S-1-16-12288
                    WinSystemLabelSid 12 S-1-16-16384
                    WinWriteRestrictedCodeSid 12 S-1-5-33
                    WinCreatorOwnerRightsSid 12 S-1-3-4
                    WinCacheablePrincipalsGroupSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-571
                    WinNonCacheablePrincipalsGroupSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-572
                    WinEnterpriseReadonlyControllersSid 12 S-1-5-22
                    WinAccountReadonlyControllersSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-521
                    WinBuiltinEventLogReadersGroup 16 S-1-5-32-573
                    WinNewEnterpriseReadonlyControllersSid 28 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102 S-1-5-21-1340649458-2707494813-4121304102-498
                    WinBuiltinCertSvcDComAccessGroup 16 S-1-5-32-574
                    WinMediumPlusLabelSid 12 S-1-16-8448
                    MethodInvocationException: Exception calling ".ctor" with "2" argument(s): "The parameter is incorrect. (Parameter 'sidType/domainSid')"
                    WinConsoleLogonSid 12 S-1-2-1
                    WinThisOrganizationCertificateSid 16 S-1-5-65-1
                    MethodInvocationException: Exception calling ".ctor" with "2" argument(s): "The parameter is incorrect. (Parameter 'sidType/domainSid')"
                    WinBuiltinAnyPackageSid 16 S-1-15-2-1
                    WinCapabilityInternetClientSid 16 S-1-15-3-1
                    WinCapabilityInternetClientServerSid 16 S-1-15-3-2
                    WinCapabilityPrivateNetworkClientServerSid 16 S-1-15-3-3
                    WinCapabilityPicturesLibrarySid 16 S-1-15-3-4
                    WinCapabilityVideosLibrarySid 16 S-1-15-3-5
                    WinCapabilityMusicLibrarySid 16 S-1-15-3-6
                    WinCapabilityDocumentsLibrarySid 16 S-1-15-3-7
                    WinCapabilitySharedUserCertificatesSid 16 S-1-15-3-9
                    WinCapabilityEnterpriseAuthenticationSid 16 S-1-15-3-8
                    WinCapabilityRemovableStorageSid 16 S-1-15-3-10
            #>
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Get-Win32Account -AdsiProvider '$AdsiProvider' -ComputerName '$DomainFqdn' -ThisFqdn '$ThisFqdn'"
            $Win32Accounts = Get-Win32Account -ComputerName $DomainFqdn -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn -AdsiProvider $AdsiProvider -Win32AccountsBySID $Win32AccountsBySID -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue @LoggingParams

            ForEach ($Acct in $Win32Accounts) {
                $Win32AccountsBySID["$($Acct.Domain)\$($Acct.SID)"] = $Acct
                $Win32AccountsByCaption[$Acct.Caption] = $Acct
            }

            $OutputObject = [PSCustomObject]@{
                DistinguishedName = $DomainDn
                Dns               = $DomainFqdn
                Sid               = $DomainSid
                Netbios           = $DomainNetBIOS
                AdsiProvider      = $AdsiProvider
                Win32Accounts     = $Win32Accounts
            }
            $DomainsBySid[$OutputObject.Sid] = $OutputObject
            $DomainsByNetbios[$OutputObject.Netbios] = $OutputObject
            $DomainsByFqdn[$DomainFqdn] = $OutputObject
            $OutputObject
        }

        ForEach ($DomainNetbios in $Netbios) {
            $OutputObject = $DomainsByNetbios[$DomainNetbios]
            if ($OutputObject) {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain NetBIOS cache hit for '$DomainNetbios'"
                $OutputObject
                continue
            }
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain NetBIOS cache hit for '$DomainNetbios'"

            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "New-AdsiServerCimSession -ComputerName '$DomainNetBIOS'"
            $CimSession = New-AdsiServerCimSession -ComputerName $DomainNetBIOS -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams

            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Find-AdsiProvider -AdsiServer '$DomainDnsName' # for '$DomainNetbios'"
            $AdsiProvider = Find-AdsiProvider -AdsiServer $DomainDnsName @LoggingParams
            $CacheParams['AdsiProvider'] = $AdsiProvider

            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "ConvertTo-DistinguishedName -Domain '$DomainNetBIOS'"
            $DomainDn = ConvertTo-DistinguishedName -Domain $DomainNetBIOS -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios @LoggingParams

            if ($DomainDn) {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "ConvertTo-Fqdn -DistinguishedName '$DomainDn' # for '$DomainNetbios'"
                $DomainDnsName = ConvertTo-Fqdn -DistinguishedName $DomainDn -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
            } else {
                $ParentDomainDnsName = Get-ParentDomainDnsName -DomainsByNetbios $DomainNetBIOS -CimSession $CimSession -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
                $DomainDnsName = "$DomainNetBIOS.$ParentDomainDnsName"
            }

            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "ConvertTo-DomainSidString -DomainDnsName '$DomainFqdn' -AdsiProvider '$AdsiProvider' -ThisFqdn '$ThisFqdn' # for '$DomainNetbios'"
            $DomainSid = ConvertTo-DomainSidString -DomainDnsName $DomainDnsName -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @CacheParams @LoggingParams

            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Get-Win32Account -ComputerName '$DomainDnsName' -AdsiProvider '$AdsiProvider' -ThisFqdn '$ThisFqdn' # for '$DomainNetbios'"
            $Win32Accounts = Get-Win32Account -ComputerName $DomainDnsName -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn -AdsiProvider $AdsiProvider -Win32AccountsBySID $Win32AccountsBySID -CimSession $CimSession -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue @LoggingParams

            Remove-CimSession -CimSession $CimSession

            ForEach ($Acct in $Win32Accounts) {
                $Win32AccountsBySID["$($Acct.Domain)\$($Acct.SID)"] = $Acct
                $Win32AccountsByCaption[$Acct.Caption] = $Acct
            }

            $OutputObject = [PSCustomObject]@{
                DistinguishedName = $DomainDn
                Dns               = $DomainDnsName
                Sid               = $DomainSid
                Netbios           = $DomainNetBIOS
                AdsiProvider      = $AdsiProvider
                Win32Accounts     = $Win32Accounts
            }
            $DomainsBySid[$OutputObject.Sid] = $OutputObject
            $DomainsByNetbios[$OutputObject.Netbios] = $OutputObject
            $DomainsByFqdn[$OutputObject.Dns] = $OutputObject
            $OutputObject
        }
    }
}
function Get-CurrentDomain {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Use ADSI to get the current domain
        .DESCRIPTION
        Works only on domain-joined systems, otherwise returns nothing
        .INPUTS
        None. Pipeline input is not accepted.
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry] The current domain
 
        .EXAMPLE
        Get-CurrentDomain
 
        Get the domain of the current computer
    #>
    [OutputType([System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry])]
    $Obj = [adsi]::new()
    try { $null = $Obj.RefreshCache('objectSid') } catch {
        # Assume local computer/workgroup, use CIM rather than ADSI
        # TODO: Make this more efficient. CIM Sessions, pass in hostname via param, etc.
        $ComputerSystem = Get-CimInstance -ClassName Win32_ComputerSystem
        $AdminAccount = Get-CimInstance -ClassName Win32_UserAccount -Filter "LocalAccount = 'True' AND SID LIKE 'S-1-5-21-%-500'"
        $Obj = [PSCustomObject]@{
            ObjectSid         = [PSCustomObject]@{
                Value = $AdminAccount.Sid.Substring(0, $AdminAccount.Sid.LastIndexOf('-')) | ConvertTo-SidByteArray
            }
            DistinguishedName = [PSCustomObject]@{
                Value = "DC=$(& HOSTNAME.EXE)"
            }
        }
    }
    return $Obj
}
function Get-DirectoryEntry {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Use Active Directory Service Interfaces to retrieve an object from a directory
        .DESCRIPTION
        Retrieve a directory entry using either the WinNT or LDAP provider for ADSI
        .INPUTS
        None. Pipeline input is not accepted.
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry] where possible
        [PSCustomObject] for security principals with no directory entry
        .EXAMPLE
        Get-DirectoryEntry
        distinguishedName : {DC=ad,DC=contoso,DC=com}
        Path : LDAP://DC=ad,DC=contoso,DC=com
 
        As the current user on a domain-joined computer, bind to the current domain and retrieve the DirectoryEntry for the root of the domain
        .EXAMPLE
        Get-DirectoryEntry
        distinguishedName :
        Path : WinNT://ComputerName
 
        As the current user on a workgroup computer, bind to the local system and retrieve the DirectoryEntry for the root of the directory
    #>
    [OutputType([System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry], [PSCustomObject])]
    [CmdletBinding()]
    param (

        <#
        Path to the directory object to retrieve
        Defaults to the root of the current domain
        #>
        [string]$DirectoryPath = (([System.DirectoryServices.DirectorySearcher]::new()).SearchRoot.Path),

        <#
        Credentials to use to bind to the directory
        Defaults to the credentials of the current user
        #>
        [pscredential]$Credential,

        # Properties of the target object to retrieve
        [string[]]$PropertiesToLoad,

        <#
        Hashtable containing cached directory entries so they don't have to be retrieved from the directory again
        Uses a thread-safe hashtable by default
        #>
        [hashtable]$DirectoryEntryCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain NetBIOS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByNetbios = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain SIDs as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsBySid = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Dictionary of log messages for Write-LogMsg (can be thread-safe if a synchronized hashtable is provided)
        [hashtable]$LogMsgCache = $Global:LogMessages

    )

    $LogParams = @{
        ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
        Type         = 'Debug'
        LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
        WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
    }

    $LoggingParams = @{
        ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
        LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
        WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
    }

    $DirectoryEntry = $null
    if ($null -eq $DirectoryEntryCache[$DirectoryPath]) {
        switch -regex ($DirectoryPath) {
            <#
            The WinNT provider only throws an error if you try to retrieve certain accounts/identities
            We will create own dummy objects instead of performing the query
            #>
            '^WinNT:\/\/.*\/CREATOR OWNER$' {
                $DirectoryEntry = New-FakeDirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath $DirectoryPath
            }
            '^WinNT:\/\/.*\/SYSTEM$' {
                $DirectoryEntry = New-FakeDirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath $DirectoryPath
            }
            '^WinNT:\/\/.*\/INTERACTIVE$' {
                $DirectoryEntry = New-FakeDirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath $DirectoryPath
            }
            '^WinNT:\/\/.*\/Authenticated Users$' {
                $DirectoryEntry = New-FakeDirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath $DirectoryPath
            }
            '^WinNT:\/\/.*\/TrustedInstaller$' {
                $DirectoryEntry = New-FakeDirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath $DirectoryPath
            }
            '^WinNT:\/\/.*\/ALL APPLICATION PACKAGES$' {
                $DirectoryEntry = New-FakeDirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath $DirectoryPath
            }
            '^WinNT:\/\/.*\/ALL RESTRICTED APPLICATION PACKAGES$' {
                $DirectoryEntry = New-FakeDirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath $DirectoryPath
            }
            '^WinNT:\/\/.*\/Everyone$' {
                $DirectoryEntry = New-FakeDirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath $DirectoryPath
            }
            '^WinNT:\/\/.*\/LOCAL SERVICE$' {
                $DirectoryEntry = New-FakeDirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath $DirectoryPath
            }
            '^WinNT:\/\/.*\/NETWORK SERVICE$' {
                $DirectoryEntry = New-FakeDirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath $DirectoryPath
            }
            # Workgroup computers do not return a DirectoryEntry with a SearchRoot Path so this ends up being an empty string
            # This is also invoked when DirectoryPath is null for any reason
            # We will return a WinNT object representing the local computer's WinNT directory
            '^$' {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "$ThisHostname does not appear to be domain-joined since the SearchRoot Path is empty. Defaulting to WinNT provider for localhost instead."
                $Workgroup = (Get-CimInstance -ClassName Win32_ComputerSystem).Workgroup
                $DirectoryPath = "WinNT://$Workgroup/$ThisHostname"
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "[System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::new('$DirectoryPath')"
                if ($Credential) {
                    $DirectoryEntry = [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::new($DirectoryPath, $($Credential.UserName), $($Credential.GetNetworkCredential().password))
                } else {
                    $DirectoryEntry = [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::new($DirectoryPath)
                }

                $SampleUser = @($DirectoryEntry.PSBase.Children |
                    Where-Object -FilterScript { $_.schemaclassname -eq 'user' })[0] |
                Add-SidInfo -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid @LoggingParams

                $DirectoryEntry |
                Add-Member -MemberType NoteProperty -Name 'Domain' -Value $SampleUser.Domain -Force

            }
            # Otherwise the DirectoryPath is an LDAP path or a WinNT path (treated the same at this stage)
            default {

                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "[System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::new('$DirectoryPath')"
                if ($Credential) {
                    $DirectoryEntry = [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::new($DirectoryPath, $($Credential.UserName), $($Credential.GetNetworkCredential().password))
                } else {
                    $DirectoryEntry = [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::new($DirectoryPath)
                }

            }

        }

        $DirectoryEntryCache[$DirectoryPath] = $DirectoryEntry
    } else {
        #Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "DirectoryEntryCache hit for '$DirectoryPath'"
        $DirectoryEntry = $DirectoryEntryCache[$DirectoryPath]
    }

    if ($PropertiesToLoad) {
        try {
            # If the $DirectoryPath was invalid, this line will return an error
            $null = $DirectoryEntry.RefreshCache($PropertiesToLoad)

        } catch {
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Type Warning -Text "'$DirectoryPath' could not be retrieved."

            # Ensure that the error message appears on 1 line
            # Use .Trim() to remove leading and trailing whitespace
            # Use -replace to remove an errant line break in the following specific error I encountered: The following exception occurred while retrieving member "RefreshCache": "The group name could not be found.`r`n"
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Type Warning -Text "'$($_.Exception.Message.Trim() -replace '\s"',' "')"
            return
        }
    }
    return $DirectoryEntry

}
function Get-ParentDomainDnsName {
    param (

        # NetBIOS name of the domain whose parent domain DNS to return
        [string]$DomainNetbios,

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Dictionary of log messages for Write-LogMsg (can be thread-safe if a synchronized hashtable is provided)
        [hashtable]$LogMsgCache = $Global:LogMessages,

        # Existing CIM session to the computer (to avoid creating redundant CIM sessions)
        [CimSession]$CimSession
    )

    $LogParams = @{
        ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
        Type         = 'Debug'
        LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
        WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
    }

    if (-not $CimSession) {
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "New-AdsiServerCimSession -ComputerName '$DomainNetbios'"
        $CimSession = New-AdsiServerCimSession -ComputerName $DomainNetbios -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
        $RemoveCimSession = $true
    }

    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "(Get-CimInstance -CimSession `$CimSession -ClassName CIM_ComputerSystem).domain # for '$DomainNetbios'"
    $ParentDomainDnsName = (Get-CimInstance -CimSession $CimSession -ClassName CIM_ComputerSystem).domain

    if ($ParentDomainDnsName -eq 'WORKGROUP' -or $null -eq $ParentDomainDnsName) {
        # For workgroup computers there is no parent domain DNS (workgroups operate on NetBIOS)
        # There could also be unexpeted scenarios where the parent domain DNS is null
        # In all of these cases, we will use the primary DNS search suffix (that is where the OS would attempt to register DNS records for the computer)
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "(Get-DnsClientGlobalSetting -CimSession `$CimSession).SuffixSearchList[0] # for '$DomainNetbios'"
        $ParentDomainDnsName = (Get-DnsClientGlobalSetting -CimSession $CimSession).SuffixSearchList[0]
    }

    if ($RemoveCimSession) {
        Remove-CimSession -CimSession $CimSession
    }

    return $ParentDomainDnsName
}
function Get-TrustedDomain {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Returns a dictionary of trusted domains by the current computer
        .DESCRIPTION
        Works only on domain-joined systems
        Use nltest to get the domain trust relationships for the domain of the current computer
        Use ADSI's LDAP provider to get each trusted domain's DNS name, NETBIOS name, and SID
        For each trusted domain the key is the domain's SID, or its NETBIOS name if the -KeyByNetbios switch parameter was used
        For each trusted domain the value contains the details retrieved with ADSI
        .INPUTS
        None. Pipeline input is not accepted.
        .OUTPUTS
        [PSCustomObject] One object per trusted domain, each with a DomainFqdn property and a DomainNetbios property
 
        .EXAMPLE
        Get-TrustedDomain
 
        Get the trusted domains of the current computer
        .NOTES
    #>
    [OutputType([PSCustomObject])]
    param (

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        $ThisHostname = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Dictionary of log messages for Write-LogMsg (can be thread-safe if a synchronized hashtable is provided)
        [hashtable]$LogMsgCache = $Global:LogMessages

    )

    $LogParams = @{
        ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
        Type         = 'Debug'
        LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
        WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
    }

    # Redirect the error stream to null, errors are expected on non-domain-joined systems
    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "$('& nltest /domain_trusts 2> $null')"
    #$nltestresults = & nltest /domain_trusts 2> $null
    $nltestresults = & nltest /domain_trusts 2>&1

    #$NlTestRegEx = '[\d]*: .*'
    $RegExForEachTrust = '(?<index>[\d]*): (?<netbios>\S*) (?<dns>\S*).*'
    ForEach ($Result in $nltestresults) {
        if ($Result.GetType() -eq [string]) {
            if ($Result -match $RegExForEachTrust) {
                [PSCustomObject]@{
                    DomainFqdn    = $Matches.dns
                    DomainNetbios = $Matches.netbios
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
function Get-Win32Account {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Use CIM to get well-known SIDs
        .DESCRIPTION
        Use WinRM to query the CIM namespace root/cimv2 for instances of the Win32_Account class
        .INPUTS
        [System.String]$ComputerName
        .OUTPUTS
        [Microsoft.Management.Infrastructure.CimInstance] for each instance of the Win32_Account class in the root/cimv2 namespace
        .EXAMPLE
        Get-Win32Account
 
        Get the well-known SIDs on the current computer
        .EXAMPLE
        Get-Win32Account -CimServerName 'server123'
 
        Get the well-known SIDs on the remote computer 'server123'
    #>
    [CmdletBinding()]
    [OutputType([Microsoft.Management.Infrastructure.CimInstance])]
    param (

        # Name or address of the computer whose Win32_Account instances to return
        [Parameter(ValueFromPipeline)]
        [string[]]$ComputerName,

        # Cache of known Win32_Account instances keyed by domain and SID
        [hashtable]$Win32AccountsBySID = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Cache of known Win32_Account instances keyed by domain (e.g. CONTOSO) and Caption (NTAccount name e.g. CONTOSO\User1)
        [hashtable]$Win32AccountsByCaption = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Cache of known directory servers to reduce duplicate queries
        [hashtable]$AdsiServersByDns = [hashtable]::Synchronized(@{}),

        <#
        Dictionary to cache directory entries to avoid redundant lookups
 
        Defaults to an empty thread-safe hashtable
        #>
        [hashtable]$DirectoryEntryCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain NetBIOS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByNetbios = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain SIDs as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsBySid = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain DNS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByFqdn = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        <#
        AdsiProvider (WinNT or LDAP) of the servers associated with the provided FQDNs or NetBIOS names
 
        This parameter can be used to reduce calls to Find-AdsiProvider
 
        Useful when that has been done already but the DomainsByFqdn and DomainsByNetbios caches have not been updated yet
        #>
        [string]$AdsiProvider,

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Dictionary of log messages for Write-LogMsg (can be thread-safe if a synchronized hashtable is provided)
        [hashtable]$LogMsgCache = $Global:LogMessages,

        # Existing CIM session to the computer (to avoid creating redundant CIM sessions)
        [CimSession]$CimSession

    )
    begin {

        $LogParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            Type         = 'Debug'
            LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

        $LoggingParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

        $AdsiServersWhoseWin32AccountsExistInCache = $Win32AccountsBySID.Keys |
        ForEach-Object { ($_ -split '\\')[0] } |
        Sort-Object -Unique
    }
    process {
        ForEach ($ThisServer in $ComputerName) {
            if (
                $ThisServer -eq 'localhost' -or
                $ThisServer -eq '127.0.0.1' -or
                [string]::IsNullOrEmpty($ThisServer)
            ) {
                $ThisServer = $ThisHostName
            }
            if (-not $PSBoundParameters.ContainsKey('AdsiProvider')) {
                $AdsiProvider = Find-AdsiProvider -AdsiServer $ThisServer @LoggingParams
            }
            # Return matching objects from the cache if possible rather than performing a CIM query
            # The cache is based on the Caption of the Win32 accounts which conatins only NetBios names
            if ($AdsiServersWhoseWin32AccountsExistInCache -contains $ThisServer) {
                $Win32AccountsBySID.Keys |
                ForEach-Object {
                    if ($_ -like "$ThisServer\*") {
                        $Win32AccountsBySID[$_]
                    }
                }
            } else {

                if (-not $CimSession) {
                    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "New-AdsiServerCimSession -ComputerName '$ThisServer'"
                    $CimSession = New-AdsiServerCimSession -ComputerName $ThisServer -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
                    $RemoveCimSession = $true
                }

                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Get-CimInstance -ClassName Win32_Account -CimSession `$CimSession # For '$ThisServer'"
                Get-CimInstance -ClassName Win32_Account -CimSession $CimSession

                if ($RemoveCimSession) {
                    Remove-CimSession -CimSession $CimSession
                }

            }
        }
    }
}
function Get-Win32UserAccount {
    param (
        [string]$ComputerName,

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Dictionary of log messages for Write-LogMsg (can be thread-safe if a synchronized hashtable is provided)
        [hashtable]$LogMsgCache = $Global:LogMessages
    )

    $LogParams = @{
        ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
        Type         = 'Debug'
        LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
        WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
    }

    if (
        $ComputerName -eq $ThisHostname -or
        $ComputerName -eq "$ThisHostname." -or
        $ComputerName -eq $ThisFqdn
    ) {
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Get-CimInstance -Query `"SELECT SID FROM Win32_UserAccount WHERE LocalAccount = 'True'`""
        Get-CimInstance -Query "SELECT SID FROM Win32_UserAccount WHERE LocalAccount = 'True'"
    } else {
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Get-CimInstance -ComputerName $ComputerName -Query `"SELECT SID FROM Win32_UserAccount WHERE LocalAccount = 'True'`""
        # If an Active Directory domain is targeted there are no local accounts and CIM connectivity is not expected
        # Suppress errors and return nothing in that case
        Get-CimInstance -ComputerName $ComputerName -Query "SELECT SID FROM Win32_UserAccount WHERE LocalAccount = 'True'" -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
    }
}
function Get-WinNTGroupMember {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Get members of a group from the WinNT provider
        .DESCRIPTION
        Get members of a group from the WinNT provider
        Convert them from COM objects into usable DirectoryEntry objects
        .INPUTS
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]$DirectoryEntry
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry] for each group member
        .EXAMPLE
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::new('WinNT://localhost/Administrators') | Get-WinNTGroupMember
 
        Get members of the local Administrators group
    #>
    [OutputType([System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry])]
    param (

        # DirectoryEntry [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry] of the WinNT group whose members to get
        [Parameter(ValueFromPipeline)]
        $DirectoryEntry,

        # Properties of the group members to find in the directory
        [string[]]$PropertiesToLoad,

        <#
        Dictionary to cache directory entries to avoid redundant lookups
 
        Defaults to an empty thread-safe hashtable
        #>
        [hashtable]$DirectoryEntryCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain NetBIOS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByNetbios = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain SIDs as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsBySid = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain DNS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByFqdn = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Dictionary of log messages for Write-LogMsg (can be thread-safe if a synchronized hashtable is provided)
        [hashtable]$LogMsgCache = $Global:LogMessages

    )
    begin {

        $LogParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            Type         = 'Debug'
            LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

        $LoggingParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

        $PropertiesToLoad += 'Department',
        'description',
        'distinguishedName',
        'grouptype',
        'managedby',
        'member',
        'name',
        'objectClass',
        'objectSid',
        'operatingSystem',
        'primaryGroupToken',
        'samAccountName',
        'Title'

        $PropertiesToLoad = $PropertiesToLoad |
        Sort-Object -Unique

    }
    process {
        ForEach ($ThisDirEntry in $DirectoryEntry) {
            $SourceDomain = $ThisDirEntry.Path | Split-Path -Parent | Split-Path -Leaf
            # Retrieve the members of local groups
            if ($null -ne $ThisDirEntry.Properties['groupType'] -or $ThisDirEntry.schemaclassname -eq 'group') {
                # Assembly: System.DirectoryServices.dll
                # Namespace: System.DirectoryServices
                # DirectoryEntry.Invoke(String, Object[]) Method
                # Calls a method on the native Active Directory Domain Services object
                # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.directoryservices.directoryentry.invoke?view=dotnet-plat-ext-6.0

                # I am using it to call the IADsGroup::Members method
                # The IADsGroup programming interface is part of the iads.h header
                # The iads.h header is part of the ADSI component of the Win32 API
                # The IADsGroup::Members method retrieves a collection of the immediate members of the group.
                # The collection does not include the members of other groups that are nested within the group.
                # The default implementation of this method uses LsaLookupSids to query name information for the group members.
                # LsaLookupSids has a maximum limitation of 20480 SIDs it can convert, therefore that limitation also applies to this method.
                # Returns a pointer to an IADsMembers interface pointer that receives the collection of group members. The caller must release this interface when it is no longer required.
                # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/iads/nf-iads-iadsgroup-members
                # The IADsMembers::Members method would use the same provider but I have chosen not to implement that here
                # Recursion through nested groups can be handled outside of Get-WinNTGroupMember for now
                # Maybe that could be a feature in the future
                # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/adsi/adsi-object-model-for-winnt-providers?redirectedfrom=MSDN
                $DirectoryMembers = & { $ThisDirEntry.Invoke('Members') } 2>$null
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$($ThisDirEntry.Path)' has $(($DirectoryMembers | Measure-Object).Count) members # For $($ThisDirEntry.Path)"
                $MembersToGet = @{
                    'WinNTMembers' = @()
                }
                $MemberParams = @{
                    DirectoryEntryCache = $DirectoryEntryCache
                    PropertiesToLoad    = $PropertiesToLoad
                    DomainsByNetbios    = $DomainsByNetbios
                    LogMsgCache         = $LogMsgCache
                    WhoAmI              = $WhoAmI
                }
                ForEach ($DirectoryMember in $DirectoryMembers) {
                    # The IADsGroup::Members method returns ComObjects
                    # But proper .Net objects are much easier to work with
                    # So we will convert the ComObjects into DirectoryEntry objects
                    $DirectoryPath = Invoke-ComObject -ComObject $DirectoryMember -Property 'ADsPath'
                    $MemberDomainDn = $null
                    if ($DirectoryPath -match 'WinNT:\/\/(?<Domain>[^\/]*)\/(?<Acct>.*$)') {
                        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$DirectoryPath' has a domain of '$($Matches.Domain)' and an account name of '$($Matches.Acct)'"
                        $MemberName = $Matches.Acct
                        $MemberDomainNetbios = $Matches.Domain

                        $DomainCacheResult = $DomainsByNetbios[$MemberDomainNetbios]
                        if ($DomainCacheResult) {
                            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain NetBIOS cache hit for '$MemberDomainNetBios'"
                            if ( "WinNT:\\$MemberDomainNetbios" -ne $SourceDomain ) {
                                $MemberDomainDn = $DomainCacheResult.DistinguishedName
                            }
                        } else {
                            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain NetBIOS cache miss for '$MemberDomainNetBios'. Available keys: $($DomainsByNetBios.Keys -join ',')"
                        }
                        if ($DirectoryPath -match 'WinNT:\/\/(?<Domain>[^\/]*)\/(?<Middle>[^\/]*)\/(?<Acct>.*$)') {
                            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$DirectoryPath' is named '$($Matches.Acct)' and is on ADSI server '$($Matches.Middle)' joined to the domain '$($Matches.Domain)'"
                            if ($Matches.Middle -eq ($ThisDirEntry.Path | Split-Path -Parent | Split-Path -Leaf)) {
                                $MemberDomainDn = $null
                            }
                        }
                    } else {
                        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$DirectoryPath' does not match 'WinNT:\/\/(?<Domain>[^\/]*)\/(?<Acct>.*$)'"
                    }

                    # LDAP directories have a distinguishedName
                    if ($MemberDomainDn) {
                        # LDAP directories support searching
                        # Combine all members' samAccountNames into a single search per directory distinguishedName
                        # Use a hashtable with the directory path as the key and a string as the definition
                        # The string is a partial LDAP filter, just the segments of the LDAP filter for each samAccountName
                        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$MemberName' is a domain security principal"
                        $MembersToGet["LDAP://$MemberDomainDn"] += "(samaccountname=$MemberName)"
                        ##$MemberParams['DirectoryPath'] = "LDAP://$MemberDomainDn"
                        ##$MemberParams['Filter'] = "(samaccountname=$MemberName)"
                        ##$MemberDirectoryEntry = Search-Directory @MemberParams
                    } else {
                        # WinNT directories do not support searching so we will retrieve each member individually
                        # Use a hashtable with 'WinNTMembers' as the key and an array of WinNT directory paths as the value
                        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$DirectoryPath' is a local security principal"
                        $MembersToGet['WinNTMembers'] += $DirectoryPath
                        ##$MemberDirectoryEntry = Get-DirectoryEntry @MemberParams
                    }

                    ##Expand-WinNTGroupMember -DirectoryEntry $MemberDirectoryEntry -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams

                }

                # Get and Expand the directory entries for the WinNT group members
                $MembersToGet['WinNTMembers'] |
                ForEach-Object {
                    $MemberParams['DirectoryPath'] = $_
                    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Get-DirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath '$DirectoryPath'"
                    $MemberDirectoryEntry = Get-DirectoryEntry @MemberParams
                    Expand-WinNTGroupMember -DirectoryEntry $MemberDirectoryEntry -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
                }

                # Remove the WinNTMembers key from the hashtable so the only remaining keys are distinguishedName(s) of LDAP directories
                $MembersToGet.Remove('WinNTMembers')

                # Get and Expand the directory entries for the LDAP group members
                $MembersToGet.Keys |
                ForEach-Object {
                    $MemberParams['DirectoryPath'] = $_
                    $MemberParams['Filter'] = "(|$($MembersToGet[$_]))"
                    $MemberDirectoryEntries = Search-Directory @MemberParams
                    Expand-WinNTGroupMember -DirectoryEntry $MemberDirectoryEntries -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
                }
            } else {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$($ThisDirEntry.Path)' is not a group"
            }
        }
    }

}
function Invoke-ComObject {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Invoke a member method of a ComObject [__ComObject]
        .DESCRIPTION
        Use the InvokeMember method to invoke the InvokeMethod or GetProperty or SetProperty methods
        By default, invokes the GetProperty method for the specified Property
        If the Value parameter is specified, invokes the SetProperty method for the specified Property
        If the Method switch is specified, invokes the InvokeMethod method
        .INPUTS
        None. Pipeline input is not accepted.
        .OUTPUTS
        The output of the invoked method is returned directly
        .EXAMPLE
        $ComObject = [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::new('WinNT://localhost/Administrators').Invoke('Members') | Select -First 1
        Invoke-ComObject -ComObject $ComObject -Property AdsPath
 
        Get the first member of the local Administrators group on the current computer
        Then use Invoke-ComObject to invoke the GetProperty method and return the value of the AdsPath property
    #>
    param (

        # The ComObject whose member method to invoke
        [Parameter(Mandatory)]
        $ComObject,

        # The property to use with the invoked method
        [Parameter(Mandatory)]
        [String]$Property,

        # The value to set with the SetProperty method, or the name of the method to run with the InvokeMethod method
        $Value,

        # Use the InvokeMethod method of the ComObject
        [Switch]$Method

    )
    <#
    # Don't remember what this is for
    If ($ComObject -IsNot "__ComObject") {
        If (!$ComInvoke) {
            $Global:ComInvoke = @{}
        }
        If (!$ComInvoke.$ComObject) {
            $ComInvoke.$ComObject = New-Object -ComObject $ComObject
        }
        $ComObject = $ComInvoke.$ComObject
    }
    #>
    If ($Method) {
        $Invoke = "InvokeMethod"
    } ElseIf ($MyInvocation.BoundParameters.ContainsKey("Value")) {
        $Invoke = "SetProperty"
    } Else {
        $Invoke = "GetProperty"
    }
    [__ComObject].InvokeMember($Property, $Invoke, $Null, $ComObject, $Value)
}
function New-AdsiServerCimSession {
    param (

        # Name of the computer to start a CIM session on
        [string]$ComputerName,

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        <#
        FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
        #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Dictionary of log messages for Write-LogMsg (can be thread-safe if a synchronized hashtable is provided)
        [hashtable]$LogMsgCache = $Global:LogMessages
    )

    $LogParams = @{
        ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
        Type         = 'Debug'
        LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
        WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
    }


    if (
        $ComputerName -eq $ThisHostName -or
        $ComputerName -eq 'localhost' -or
        $ComputerName -eq '127.0.0.1' -or
        $ComputerName -eq $ThisFqdn -or
        [string]::IsNullOrEmpty($ComputerName)
    ) {
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "`$CimSession = New-CimSession # for '$ComputerName'"
        New-CimSession
    } else {
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "`$CimSession = New-CimSession -ComputerName '$ComputerName'"
        New-CimSession -ComputerName $ComputerName
    }

}
function New-FakeDirectoryEntry {

    <#
    Used in place of a DirectoryEntry for certain WinNT security principals that do not have objects in the directory
    The WinNT provider only throws an error if you try to retrieve certain accounts/identities
    #>
    
    param (
        [string]$DirectoryPath
    )

    $LastSlashIndex = $DirectoryPath.LastIndexOf('/')
    $StartIndex = $LastSlashIndex + 1
    $Name = $DirectoryPath.Substring($StartIndex, $DirectoryPath.Length - $StartIndex)
    $Parent = $DirectoryPath.Substring(0, $LastSlashIndex)
    $Path = $DirectoryPath
    $SchemaEntry = [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]
    switch -regex ($DirectoryPath) {

        'CREATOR OWNER$' {
            $objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-3-0'
            $Description = 'A SID to be replaced by the SID of the user who creates a new object. This SID is used in inheritable ACEs.'
            $SchemaClassName = 'user'
        }
        'SYSTEM$' {
            $objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-5-18'
            $Description = 'By default, the SYSTEM account is granted Full Control permissions to all files on an NTFS volume'
            $SchemaClassName = 'user'
        }
        'INTERACTIVE$' {
            $objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-5-4'
            $Description = 'Users who log on for interactive operation. This is a group identifier added to the token of a process when it was logged on interactively.'
            $SchemaClassName = 'group'
        }
        'Authenticated Users$' {
            $objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-5-11'
            $Description = 'Any user who accesses the system through a sign-in process has the Authenticated Users identity.'
            $SchemaClassName = 'group'
        }
        'TrustedInstaller$' {
            $objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-5-80-956008885-3418522649-1831038044-1853292631-2271478464'
            $Description = 'Most of the operating system files are owned by the TrustedInstaller security identifier (SID)'
            $SchemaClassName = 'user'
        }
        'ALL APPLICATION PACKAGES$' {
            $objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-15-2-1'
            $Description = 'All applications running in an app package context. SECURITY_BUILTIN_PACKAGE_ANY_PACKAGE'
            $SchemaClassName = 'group'
        }
        'ALL RESTRICTED APPLICATION PACKAGES$' {
            $objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-15-2-2'
            $Description = 'SECURITY_BUILTIN_PACKAGE_ANY_RESTRICTED_PACKAGE'
            $SchemaClassName = 'group'
        }
        'Everyone$' {
            $objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-1-0'
            $Description = "A group that includes all users; aka 'World'."
            $SchemaClassName = 'group'
        }
        'LOCAL SERVICE$' {
            $objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-5-19'
            $Description = 'A local service account'
            $SchemaClassName = 'user'
        }
        'NETWORK SERVICE$' {
            $objectSid = ConvertTo-SidByteArray -SidString 'S-1-5-20'
            $Description = 'A network service account'
            $SchemaClassName = 'user'
        }
    }

    $Properties = @{
        Name            = $Name
        Description     = $Description
        objectSid       = $objectSid
        SchemaClassName = $SchemaClassName
    }

    $Object = [PSCustomObject]@{
        Name            = $Name
        Description     = $Description
        objectSid       = $objectSid
        SchemaClassName = $SchemaClassName
        Parent          = $Parent
        Path            = $Path
        SchemaEntry     = $SchemaEntry
        Properties      = $Properties
    }
    Add-Member -InputObject $Object -Name RefreshCache -MemberType ScriptMethod -Value {}
    Add-Member -InputObject $Object -Name Invoke -MemberType ScriptMethod -Value {}
    return $Object

}
function Resolve-Ace3 {
    <#
    .SYNOPSIS
    Use ADSI to lookup info about IdentityReferences from Authorization Rule Collections that came from Discretionary Access Control Lists
    .DESCRIPTION
    Based on the IdentityReference proprety of each Access Control Entry:
    Resolve SID to NT account name and vise-versa
    Resolve well-known SIDs
    Resolve generic defaults like 'NT AUTHORITY' and 'BUILTIN' to the applicable computer or domain name
    Add these properties (IdentityReferenceSID,IdentityReferenceName,IdentityReferenceResolved) to the object and return it
    .INPUTS
    [System.Security.AccessControl.AuthorizationRuleCollection]$InputObject
    .OUTPUTS
    [PSCustomObject] Original object plus IdentityReferenceSID,IdentityReferenceName,IdentityReferenceResolved, and AdsiProvider properties
    .EXAMPLE
    Get-Acl |
    Expand-Acl |
    Resolve-Ace
 
    Use Get-Acl from the Microsoft.PowerShell.Security module as the source of the access list
    This works in either Windows Powershell or in Powershell
    Get-Acl does not support long paths (>256 characters)
    That was why I originally used the .Net Framework method
    .EXAMPLE
    Get-FolderAce -LiteralPath C:\Test -IncludeInherited |
    Resolve-Ace
    .EXAMPLE
    [System.String]$FolderPath = 'C:\Test'
    [System.IO.DirectoryInfo]$DirectoryInfo = Get-Item -LiteralPath $FolderPath
    $Sections = [System.Security.AccessControl.AccessControlSections]::Access -bor [System.Security.AccessControl.AccessControlSections]::Owner
    $FileSecurity = [System.Security.AccessControl.FileSecurity]::new($DirectoryInfo,$Sections)
    $IncludeExplicitRules = $true
    $IncludeInheritedRules = $true
    $AccountType = [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]
    $FileSecurity.GetAccessRules($IncludeExplicitRules,$IncludeInheritedRules,$AccountType) |
    Resolve-Ace
 
    This uses .Net Core as the source of the access list
    It uses the GetAccessRules method on the [System.Security.AccessControl.FileSecurity] class
    The targetType parameter of the method is used to specify that the accounts in the ACL are returned as SIDs
    .EXAMPLE
    [System.String]$FolderPath = 'C:\Test'
    [System.IO.DirectoryInfo]$DirectoryInfo = Get-Item -LiteralPath $FolderPath
    $Sections = [System.Security.AccessControl.AccessControlSections]::Access -bor
    [System.Security.AccessControl.AccessControlSections]::Owner -bor
    [System.Security.AccessControl.AccessControlSections]::Group
    $DirectorySecurity = [System.Security.AccessControl.DirectorySecurity]::new($DirectoryInfo,$Sections)
    $IncludeExplicitRules = $true
    $IncludeInheritedRules = $true
    $AccountType = [System.Security.Principal.NTAccount]
    $FileSecurity.GetAccessRules($IncludeExplicitRules,$IncludeInheritedRules,$AccountType) |
    Resolve-Ace
 
    This uses .Net Core as the source of the access list
    It uses the GetAccessRules method on the [System.Security.AccessControl.FileSecurity] class
    The targetType parameter of the method is used to specify that the accounts in the ACL are returned as NT account names (DOMAIN\User)
    .EXAMPLE
    [System.String]$FolderPath = 'C:\Test'
    [System.IO.DirectoryInfo]$DirectoryInfo = Get-Item -LiteralPath $FolderPath
    [System.Security.AccessControl.DirectorySecurity]$DirectorySecurity = $DirectoryInfo.GetAccessControl('Access')
    [System.Security.AccessControl.AuthorizationRuleCollection]$AuthRules = $DirectorySecurity.Access
    $AuthRules | Resolve-Ace
 
    Use the .Net Framework (or legacy .Net Core up to 2.2) as the source of the access list
    Only works in Windows PowerShell
    Those versions of .Net had a GetAccessControl method on the [System.IO.DirectoryInfo] class
    This method is removed in modern versions of .Net Core
 
    .EXAMPLE
    [System.String]$FolderPath = 'C:\Test'
    [System.IO.DirectoryInfo]$DirectoryInfo = Get-Item -LiteralPath $FolderPath
    $Sections = [System.Security.AccessControl.AccessControlSections]::Access -bor [System.Security.AccessControl.AccessControlSections]::Owner
    $FileSecurity = [System.IO.FileSystemAclExtensions]::GetAccessControl($DirectoryInfo,$Sections)
 
    The [System.IO.FileSystemAclExtensions] class is a Windows-specific implementation
    It provides no known benefit over the cross-platform equivalent [System.Security.AccessControl.FileSecurity]
 
    .NOTES
    Dependencies:
        Get-DirectoryEntry
        Add-SidInfo
        Get-TrustedDomain
        Find-AdsiProvider
 
    if ($FolderPath.Length -gt 255) {
        $FolderPath = "\\?\$FolderPath"
    }
#>
    [OutputType([PSCustomObject])]
    param (

        # Authorization Rule Collection of Access Control Entries from Discretionary Access Control Lists
        [Parameter(
            ValueFromPipeline
        )]
        [PSObject[]]$InputObject,

        <#
    Dictionary to cache directory entries to avoid redundant lookups
 
    Defaults to an empty thread-safe hashtable
    #>
        [hashtable]$DirectoryEntryCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        [hashtable]$Win32AccountsBySID = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        [hashtable]$Win32AccountsByCaption = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain NetBIOS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByNetbios = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain SIDs as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsBySid = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain DNS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByFqdn = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
    Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
    Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
    #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        <#
    FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
    Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
    #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Dictionary of log messages for Write-LogMsg (can be thread-safe if a synchronized hashtable is provided)
        [hashtable]$LogMsgCache = $Global:LogMessages

    )
    begin {

        $LogParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            Type         = 'Debug'
            LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

        $LoggingParams = @{
            ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
            LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
            WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
        }

    }

    process {

        $ACEPropertyNames = (Get-Member -InputObject $InputObject[0] -MemberType Property, CodeProperty, ScriptProperty, NoteProperty).Name
        ForEach ($ThisACE in $InputObject) {

            $IdentityReference = $ThisACE.IdentityReference.ToString()

            if ([string]::IsNullOrEmpty($IdentityReference)) {
                continue
            }

            $ThisServerDns = $null
            $DomainNetBios = $null

            # Remove the PsProvider prefix from the path string
            if (-not [string]::IsNullOrEmpty($ThisACE.SourceAccessList.Path)) {
                $LiteralPath = $ThisACE.SourceAccessList.Path -replace [regex]::escape("$($ThisACE.SourceAccessList.PsProvider)::"), ''
            } else {
                $LiteralPath = $LiteralPath -replace [regex]::escape("$($ThisACE.SourceAccessList.PsProvider)::"), ''
            }

            switch -Wildcard ($IdentityReference) {
                "S-1-*" {
                    # IdentityReference is a SID (Revision 1)
                    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "'$IdentityReference'.LastIndexOf('-')"
                    $IndexOfLastHyphen = $IdentityReference.LastIndexOf("-")
                    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "'$IdentityReference'.Substring(0, $IndexOfLastHyphen)"
                    $DomainSid = $IdentityReference.Substring(0, $IndexOfLastHyphen)
                    if ($DomainSid) {
                        $DomainCacheResult = $DomainsBySID[$DomainSid]
                        if ($DomainCacheResult) {
                            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain SID cache hit for '$DomainSid' for '$IdentityReference'"
                            $ThisServerDns = $DomainCacheResult.Dns
                            $DomainNetBios = $DomainCacheResult.Netbios
                        } else {
                            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain SID cache miss for '$DomainSid' for '$IdentityReference'"
                        }
                    }
                }
                "NT SERVICE\*" {
                    $ThisServerDns = Find-ServerNameInPath -LiteralPath $LiteralPath -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn
                }
                "BUILTIN\*" {
                    $ThisServerDns = Find-ServerNameInPath -LiteralPath $LiteralPath -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn
                }
                "NT AUTHORITY\*" {
                    $ThisServerDns = Find-ServerNameInPath -LiteralPath $LiteralPath -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn
                }
                default {
                    $DomainNetBios = ($IdentityReference -split '\\')[0]
                    if ($DomainNetBios) {
                        $ThisServerDns = $DomainsByNetbios[$DomainNetBios].Dns #Doesn't work for BUILTIN, etc.
                    }
                    if (-not $ThisServerDns) {
                        $ThisServerDn = ConvertTo-DistinguishedName -Domain $DomainNetBios -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios @LoggingParams
                        $ThisServerDns = ConvertTo-Fqdn -DistinguishedName $ThisServerDn -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
                    }
                }
            }

            if (-not $ThisServerDns) {
                # Bug: I think this will report incorrectly for a remote domain not in the cache (trust broken or something)
                $ThisServerDns = Find-ServerNameInPath -LiteralPath $LiteralPath -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn
            }
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain FQDN is '$ThisServerDns' for '$IdentityReference'"

            $GetAdsiServerParams = @{
                Fqdn                   = $ThisServerDns
                Win32AccountsBySID     = $Win32AccountsBySID
                Win32AccountsByCaption = $Win32AccountsByCaption
                DirectoryEntryCache    = $DirectoryEntryCache
                DomainsByFqdn          = $DomainsByFqdn
                DomainsByNetbios       = $DomainsByNetbios
                DomainsBySid           = $DomainsBySid
                ThisHostName           = $ThisHostName
                ThisFqdn               = $ThisFqdn
                LogMsgCache            = $LogMsgCache
                WhoAmI                 = $WhoAmI
            }
            $AdsiServer = Get-AdsiServer @GetAdsiServerParams
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # ADSI server is '$($AdsiServer.AdsiProvider)://$($AdsiServer.Dns)' for '$IdentityReference'"

            if ([string]$DomainNetBios -eq '') {
                $DomainNetBios = $AdsiServer.Netbios
            }

            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain NetBIOS is '$DomainNetBios' for '$IdentityReference'"

            <#
        $AdsiProvider = $null
        if (-not $DomainNetBios) {
            $DomainCacheResult = $DomainsByFqdn[$ThisServerDns]
            if ($DomainCacheResult) {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain FQDN cache hit for '$ThisServerDns'"
                $DomainNetBios = $DomainCacheResult.Netbios
                $AdsiProvider = $DomainCacheResult.AdsiProvider
            } else {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain FQDN cache miss for '$ThisServerDns'"
            }
        }
 
        if (-not $DomainNetBios) {
            if (-not $AdsiProvider) {
                $AdsiProvider = Find-AdsiProvider -AdsiServer $ThisServerDns
            }
            $DomainNetBios = ConvertTo-DomainNetBIOS -DomainFQDN $ThisServerDns -AdsiProvider $AdsiProvider -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid
        }
        #>

            $ResolveIdentityReferenceParams = @{
                IdentityReference      = $IdentityReference
                AdsiServer             = $AdsiServer
                Win32AccountsBySID     = $Win32AccountsBySID
                Win32AccountsByCaption = $Win32AccountsByCaption
                DirectoryEntryCache    = $DirectoryEntryCache
                DomainsBySID           = $DomainsBySID
                DomainsByNetbios       = $DomainsByNetbios
                DomainsByFqdn          = $DomainsByFqdn
                ThisHostName           = $ThisHostName
                ThisFqdn               = $ThisFqdn
                LogMsgCache            = $LogMsgCache
                WhoAmI                 = $WhoAmI
            }
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Resolve-IdentityReference -IdentityReference '$IdentityReference'..."
            $ResolvedIdentityReference = Resolve-IdentityReference @ResolveIdentityReferenceParams

            # not sure if I should add a param to offer DNS instead of NetBIOS

            $ObjectProperties = @{
                AdsiProvider              = $AdsiServer.AdsiProvider
                AdsiServer                = $AdsiServer.Dns
                IdentityReferenceSID      = $ResolvedIdentityReference.SIDString
                IdentityReferenceName     = $ResolvedIdentityReference.IdentityReferenceUnresolved
                IdentityReferenceResolved = $ResolvedIdentityReference.IdentityReferenceNetBios
            }
            ForEach ($ThisProperty in $ACEPropertyNames) {
                $ObjectProperties[$ThisProperty] = $ThisACE.$ThisProperty
            }
            [PSCustomObject]$ObjectProperties

        }

    }

}
function Resolve-IdentityReference {
    <#
    .SYNOPSIS
    Use ADSI to lookup info about IdentityReferences from Access Control Entries that came from Discretionary Access Control Lists
    .DESCRIPTION
    Based on the IdentityReference proprety of each Access Control Entry:
    Resolve SID to NT account name and vise-versa
    Resolve well-known SIDs
    Resolve generic defaults like 'NT AUTHORITY' and 'BUILTIN' to the applicable computer or domain name
    .INPUTS
    None. Pipeline input is not accepted.
    .OUTPUTS
    [PSCustomObject] with UnresolvedIdentityReference and SIDString properties (each strings)
    .EXAMPLE
    Resolve-IdentityReference -IdentityReference 'BUILTIN\Administrator' -AdsiServer (Get-AdsiServer 'localhost')
 
    Get information about the local Administrator account
#>
    [OutputType([PSCustomObject])]
    param (
        # IdentityReference from an Access Control Entry
        # Expecting either a SID (S-1-5-18) or an NT account name (CONTOSO\User)
        [Parameter(Mandatory)]
        [string]$IdentityReference,

        # Object from Get-AdsiServer representing the directory server and its attributes
        [PSObject]$AdsiServer,

        <#
    Dictionary to cache directory entries to avoid redundant lookups
 
    Defaults to an empty thread-safe hashtable
    #>
        [hashtable]$DirectoryEntryCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        [hashtable]$Win32AccountsBySID = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        [hashtable]$Win32AccountsByCaption = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
    Dictionary to cache known servers to avoid redundant lookups
 
    Defaults to an empty thread-safe hashtable
    #>
        [hashtable]$AdsiServersByDns = [hashtable]::Synchronized(@{}),

        # Hashtable with known domain NetBIOS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByNetbios = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain SIDs as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsBySid = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        # Hashtable with known domain DNS names as keys and objects with Dns,NetBIOS,SID,DistinguishedName properties as values
        [hashtable]$DomainsByFqdn = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
    Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
    Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
    #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        <#
    FQDN of the computer running this function.
 
    Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE and [System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName()
    #>
        [string]$ThisFqdn = ([System.Net.Dns]::GetHostByName((HOSTNAME.EXE)).HostName),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Dictionary of log messages for Write-LogMsg (can be thread-safe if a synchronized hashtable is provided)
        [hashtable]$LogMsgCache = $Global:LogMessages

    )

    $LogParams = @{
        ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
        Type         = 'Debug'
        LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
        WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
    }

    $LoggingParams = @{
        ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
        LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
        WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
    }

    # Populate the caches of known domains if they are currently empty (not sure if this is required so commenting it out for now)
    #if (($DomainsByFqdn.Keys.Count + $DomainsByNetBios.Keys.Count + $DomainsBySid.Keys.Count) -lt 1) {
    # $null = Get-TrustedDomainInfo -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsBySID $DomainsBySid -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn
    #}

    # Populate the caches of known domains if they are currently empty (not sure if this is required so commenting it out for now)
    #if (($DomainsByFqdn.Keys.Count + $DomainsByNetBios.Keys.Count + $DomainsBySid.Keys.Count) -lt 1) {
    # $null = Get-TrustedDomainInfo -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsBySID $DomainsBySid -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn
    #}

    $ServerNetBIOS = $AdsiServer.Netbios

    # Many Well-Known SIDs cannot be translated with the Translate method
    # Instead we have used CIM to collect information on instances of the Win32_Account class from the AdsiServer
    # This has been done by Get-AdsiServer and it updated the Win32AccountsBySID and Win32AccountsByCaption caches
    # Search the caches now
    $CacheResult = $Win32AccountsBySID["$ServerNetBIOS\$IdentityReference"]
    if ($CacheResult) {
        #IdentityReference is a SID, and has been cached from this server
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Win32_Account SID cache hit for '$ServerNetBIOS\$IdentityReference'"
        return [PSCustomObject]@{
            IdentityReferenceOriginal   = $IdentityReference
            # IdentityReferenceNameUnresolved below is not available, the Win32_Account instances in the cache are already resolved to the NetBios domain names
            IdentityReferenceUnresolved = $null # Could parse SID to get this?
            SIDString                   = $CacheResult.SID
            IdentityReferenceNetBios    = $CacheResult.Caption -replace "^$ThisHostname\\", "$ThisHostname\" # required for ps 5.1 support
            # PS 7 more efficient IdentityReferenceNetBios = $CacheResult.Caption.Replace("$ThisHostname\","$ThisHostname\",[System.StringComparison]::CurrentCultureIgnoreCase)
            IdentityReferenceDns        = "$($AdsiServer.Dns)\$($CacheResult.Name)"
        }
    } else {
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Win32_Account SID cache miss for '$ServerNetBIOS\$IdentityReference'"
    }
    $split = $IdentityReference.Split('\')
    # $DomainNetBIOS = $split[0] # This line doesn't need to execute but is a handy reminder what is on the first side of the split
    $DomainNetBIOS = $ServerNetBIOS
    $Name = $split[1]
    if ($Name) {
        # Win32_Account provides a NetBIOS-resolved IdentityReference
        # NT Authority\SYSTEM would be SERVER123\SYSTEM as a Win32_Account on a server with hostname server123
        # This could also match on a domain account since those can be returned as Win32_Account, not sure if that will be a bug or what
        $CacheResult = $Win32AccountsByCaption["$ServerNetBIOS\$Name"]
        if ($CacheResult) {
            # IdentityReference is an NT Account Name, and has been cached from this server
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Win32_Account caption cache hit for '$ServerNetBIOS\$ServerNetBIOS\$Name'"
            if ($ServerNetBIOS -eq $CacheResult.Domain) {
                $DomainDns = $AdsiServer.Dns
            }
            if (-not $DomainDns) {
                $DomainCacheResult = $DomainsByNetbios[$CacheResult.Domain]
                if ($DomainCacheResult) {
                    $DomainDns = $DomainCacheResult.Dns
                }
            }
            if (-not $DomainDns) {
                $DomainDns = ConvertTo-Fqdn -NetBIOS $DomainNetBIOS -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
                $DomainDn = $DomainsByNetbios[$DomainNetBIOS].DistinguishedName
            }

            return [PSCustomObject]@{
                IdentityReferenceOriginal   = $IdentityReference
                # IdentityReferenceNameUnresolved below is not available, the Win32_Account instances in the cache are already resolved to the NetBios domain names
                IdentityReferenceUnresolved = $IdentityReference
                SIDString                   = $CacheResult.SID
                IdentityReferenceNetBios    = $CacheResult.Caption -replace "^$ThisHostname\\", "$ThisHostname\" # required for ps 5.1 support
                # PS 7 more efficient IdentityReferenceNetBios = $CacheResult.Caption.Replace("$ThisHostname\","$ThisHostname\",[System.StringComparison]::CurrentCultureIgnoreCase)
                IdentityReferenceDns        = "$DomainDns\$($CacheResult.Name)"
            }
        } else {
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Win32_Account caption cache miss for '$ServerNetBIOS\$ServerNetBIOS\$Name'"
        }
    }
    $CacheResult = $Win32AccountsByCaption["$ServerNetBIOS\$IdentityReference"]
    if ($CacheResult) {
        # IdentityReference is an NT Account Name without a \, and has been cached from this server
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Win32_Account caption cache hit for '$ServerNetBIOS\$IdentityReference'"
        return [PSCustomObject]@{
            IdentityReferenceOriginal   = $IdentityReference
            # IdentityReferenceNameUnresolved below is not available, the Win32_Account instances in the cache are already resolved to the NetBios domain names
            IdentityReferenceUnresolved = $null
            SIDString                   = $CacheResult.SID
            IdentityReferenceNetBios    = $CacheResult.Caption -replace "^$ThisHostname\\", "$ThisHostname\" # required for ps 5.1 support
            # PS 7 more efficient IdentityReferenceNetBios = $CacheResult.Caption.Replace("$ThisHostname\","$ThisHostname\",[System.StringComparison]::CurrentCultureIgnoreCase)
            IdentityReferenceDns        = "$($AdsiServer.Dns)\$($CacheResult.Name)"
        }
    } else {
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Win32_Account caption cache miss for '$ServerNetBIOS\$IdentityReference'"
    }

    # If no match was found in any cache, the path forward depends on the IdentityReference
    switch -Wildcard ($IdentityReference) {
        "S-1-*" {
            # IdentityReference is a Revision 1 SID
            <#
        Use the SecurityIdentifier.Translate() method to translate the SID to an NT Account name
            This .Net method makes it impossible to redirect the error stream directly
            Wrapping it in a scriptblock (which is then executed with &) fixes the problem
            I don't understand exactly why
            The scriptblock will evaluate null if the SID cannot be translated, and the error stream redirection supresses the error (except in the transcript which catches it)
        #>
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "[System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new('$IdentityReference').Translate([System.Security.Principal.NTAccount])"
            $SecurityIdentifier = [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new($IdentityReference)
            $UnresolvedIdentityReference = & { $SecurityIdentifier.Translate([System.Security.Principal.NTAccount]).Value } 2>$null

            # The SID of the domain is everything up to (but not including) the last hyphen
            $DomainSid = $IdentityReference.Substring(0, $IdentityReference.LastIndexOf("-"))

            # Search the cache of domains, first by SID, then by NetBIOS name
            $DomainCacheResult = $DomainsBySID[$DomainSid]
            if ($DomainCacheResult) {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain SID cache hit for '$DomainSid'"
            } else {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain SID cache miss for '$DomainSid'"
                $split = $UnresolvedIdentityReference -split '\\'
                if (
                    $split[0].Contains(' ') -or
                    $split[0].Contains('BUILTIN\')
                ) {
                    $DomainNetBIOS = $ServerNetBIOS
                    $Caption = "$ServerNetBIOS\$($split[1])"

                    # Update the caches
                    $Win32Acct = [PSCustomObject]@{
                        SID     = $IdentityReference
                        Caption = $Caption
                        Domain  = $ServerNetBIOS
                        Name    = $split[1]
                    }
                    $Win32AccountsByCaption[$Caption] = $Win32Acct
                    $Win32AccountsBySID["$ServerNetBIOS\$IdentityReference"] = $Win32Acct

                } else {
                    $DomainNetBIOS = $split[0]
                }
                $DomainCacheResult = $DomainsByNetbios[$split[0]]
            }
            if ($DomainCacheResult) {
                $DomainNetBIOS = $DomainCacheResult.Netbios
                $DomainDns = $DomainCacheResult.Dns
            } else {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain SID '$DomainSid' is unknown. Domain NetBIOS is '$DomainNetBIOS'"
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Translated NTAccount name for '$IdentityReference' is '$UnresolvedIdentityReference'"
                $DomainDns = ConvertTo-Fqdn -NetBIOS $DomainNetBIOS -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
            }
            $AdsiServer = Get-AdsiServer -Fqdn $DomainDns -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams

            if ($UnresolvedIdentityReference) {
                # Recursively call this function to resolve the new IdentityReference we have
                $ResolveIdentityReferenceParams = @{
                    IdentityReference      = $UnresolvedIdentityReference
                    AdsiServer             = $AdsiServer
                    Win32AccountsBySID     = $Win32AccountsBySID
                    Win32AccountsByCaption = $Win32AccountsByCaption
                    AdsiServersByDns       = $AdsiServersByDns
                    DirectoryEntryCache    = $DirectoryEntryCache
                    DomainsBySID           = $DomainsBySID
                    DomainsByNetbios       = $DomainsByNetbios
                    DomainsByFqdn          = $DomainsByFqdn
                    ThisHostName           = $ThisHostName
                    ThisFqdn               = $ThisFqdn
                    LogMsgCache            = $LogMsgCache
                    WhoAmI                 = $WhoAmI
                }
                $Resolved = Resolve-IdentityReference @ResolveIdentityReferenceParams
            } else {
                $Resolved = [PSCustomObject]@{
                    IdentityReferenceOriginal   = $IdentityReference
                    IdentityReferenceUnresolved = $IdentityReference
                    SIDString                   = $IdentityReference
                    IdentityReferenceNetBios    = $CacheResult.Caption -replace "^$ThisHostname\\", "$ThisHostname\" # required for ps 5.1 support
                    #IdentityReferenceNetBios = $CacheResult.Caption.Replace("$ThisHostname\","$ThisHostname\",[System.StringComparison]::CurrentCultureIgnoreCase) # PS 7 more efficient
                    IdentityReferenceDns        = "$DomainDns\$IdentityReference"
                }
            }

            return $Resolved

        }
        "NT SERVICE\*" {
            # Some of them are services (yes services can have SIDs, notably this includes TrustedInstaller but it is also common with SQL)
            if ($ServerNetBIOS -eq $ThisHostName) {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "sc.exe showsid $Name"
                [string[]]$ScResult = & sc.exe showsid $Name
            } else {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "Invoke-Command -ComputerName $ServerNetBIOS -ScriptBlock { & sc.exe showsid `$args[0] } -ArgumentList $Name"
                [string[]]$ScResult = Invoke-Command -ComputerName $ServerNetBIOS -ScriptBlock { & sc.exe showsid $args[0] } -ArgumentList $Name
            }
            $ScResultProps = @{}

            $ScResult |
            ForEach-Object {
                $Prop, $Value = ($_ -split ':').Trim()
                $ScResultProps[$Prop] = $Value
            }

            $SIDString = $ScResultProps['SERVICE SID']
            $Caption = $IdentityReference -replace 'NT SERVICE', $ServerNetBIOS -replace "^$ThisHostname\\", "$ThisHostname\"

            $DomainCacheResult = $DomainsByNetbios[$ServerNetBIOS]
            if ($DomainCacheResult) {
                $DomainDns = $DomainCacheResult.Dns
            }
            if (-not $DomainDns) {
                $DomainDns = ConvertTo-Fqdn -NetBIOS $ServerNetBIOS -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
            }

            # Update the caches
            $Win32Acct = [PSCustomObject]@{
                SID     = $SIDString
                Caption = $Caption
                Domain  = $ServerNetBIOS
                Name    = $Name
            }
            $Win32AccountsByCaption[$Caption] = $Win32Acct
            $Win32AccountsBySID["$ServerNetBIOS\$SIDString"] = $Win32Acct

            return [PSCustomObject]@{
                IdentityReferenceOriginal   = $IdentityReference
                IdentityReferenceUnresolved = $IdentityReference
                SIDString                   = $SIDString
                IdentityReferenceNetBios    = $Caption
                IdentityReferenceDns        = "$DomainDns\$Name"
            }
        }
        "APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\*" {

            <#
            These SIDs cannot be resolved from the NTAccount name:
                PS C:> [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new('S-1-15-2-1').Translate([System.Security.Principal.NTAccount]).Translate([System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier])
                MethodInvocationException: Exception calling "Translate" with "1" argument(s): "Some or all identity references could not be translated."
 
            Even though resolving the reverse direction works:
                PS C:> [System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]::new('S-1-15-2-1').Translate([System.Security.Principal.NTAccount])
 
                Value
                -----
                APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\ALL APPLICATION PACKAGES
            So we will instead hardcode a map of SIDs
            #>
            $KnownSIDs = @{ # https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/secauthz/app-container-sid-constants
                'APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\ALL APPLICATION PACKAGES'                                                   = 'S-1-15-2-1'
                'APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\ALL RESTRICTED APPLICATION PACKAGES'                                        = 'S-1-15-2-2'

                # Capability SIDs introduced in Windows 8 https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/secauthz/capability-sid-constants
                'APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\Your Internet connection'                                                   = 'S-1-15-3-1'
                'APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\Your Internet connection, including incoming connections from the Internet' = 'S-1-15-3-2'
                'APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\Your home or work networks'                                                 = 'S-1-15-3-3'
                'APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\Your pictures library'                                                      = 'S-1-15-3-4'
                'APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\Your videos library'                                                        = 'S-1-15-3-5'
                'APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\Your music library'                                                         = 'S-1-15-3-6'
                'APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\Your documents library'                                                     = 'S-1-15-3-7'
                'APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\Your Windows credentials'                                                   = 'S-1-15-3-8'
                'APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\Software and hardware certificates or a smart card'                         = 'S-1-15-3-9'
                'APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\Removable storage'                                                          = 'S-1-15-3-10'
                'APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\Your Appointments'                                                          = 'S-1-15-3-11'
                'APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\Your Contacts'                                                              = 'S-1-15-3-12'
            }
            $SIDString = $KnownSIDs[$IdentityReference]

            $Caption = $IdentityReference -replace 'APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY', $ServerNetBIOS -replace "^$ThisHostname\\", "$ThisHostname\"

            $DomainCacheResult = $DomainsByNetbios[$ServerNetBIOS]
            if ($DomainCacheResult) {
                $DomainDns = $DomainCacheResult.Dns
            }
            if (-not $DomainDns) {
                $DomainDns = ConvertTo-Fqdn -NetBIOS $ServerNetBIOS -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
            }

            # Update the caches
            $Win32Acct = [PSCustomObject]@{
                SID     = $SIDString
                Caption = $Caption
                Domain  = $ServerNetBIOS
                Name    = $Name
            }
            $Win32AccountsByCaption[$Caption] = $Win32Acct
            $Win32AccountsBySID["$ServerNetBIOS\$SIDString"] = $Win32Acct

            return [PSCustomObject]@{
                IdentityReferenceOriginal   = $IdentityReference
                IdentityReferenceUnresolved = $IdentityReference
                SIDString                   = $SIDString
                IdentityReferenceNetBios    = $Caption
                IdentityReferenceDns        = "$DomainDns\$Name"
            }
        }
        "BUILTIN\*" {
            # Some built-in groups such as BUILTIN\Users and BUILTIN\Administrators are not in the CIM class or translatable with the NTAccount.Translate() method
            # But they may have real DirectoryEntry objects
            # Try to find the DirectoryEntry object locally on the server
            $DirectoryPath = "$($AdsiServer.AdsiProvider)`://$ServerNetBIOS/$Name"
            $DirectoryEntry = Get-DirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath $DirectoryPath -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid @LoggingParams
            $SIDString = (Add-SidInfo -InputObject $DirectoryEntry -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid @LoggingParams).SidString
            $Caption = $IdentityReference -replace 'BUILTIN', $ServerNetBIOS -replace "^$ThisHostname\\", "$ThisHostname\"
            $DomainDns = $AdsiServer.Dns

            # Update the caches
            $Win32Acct = [PSCustomObject]@{
                SID     = $SIDString
                Caption = $Caption
                Domain  = $ServerNetBIOS
                Name    = $Name
            }
            $Win32AccountsByCaption[$Caption] = $Win32Acct
            $Win32AccountsBySID["$ServerNetBIOS\$SIDString"] = $Win32Acct

            return [PSCustomObject]@{
                IdentityReferenceOriginal   = $IdentityReference
                IdentityReferenceUnresolved = $IdentityReference
                SIDString                   = $SIDString
                IdentityReferenceNetBios    = $Caption
                IdentityReferenceDns        = "$DomainDns\$Name"
            }
        }
    }

    # The IdentityReference is an NTAccount
    # Resolve NTAccount to SID
    # Start by determining the domain

    if (-not [string]::IsNullOrEmpty($DomainNetBIOS)) {
        $DomainNetBIOSCacheResult = $DomainsByNetbios[$DomainNetBIOS]
        if (-not $DomainNetBIOSCacheResult) {
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain NetBIOS cache miss for '$($DomainNetBIOS)'."
            $DomainNetBIOSCacheResult = Get-AdsiServer -Netbios $DomainNetBIOS -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsByFqdn $DomainsByFqdn -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
            $DomainsByNetbios[$DomainNetBIOS] = $DomainNetBIOSCacheResult

        } else {
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # Domain NetBIOS cache hit for '$($DomainNetBIOS)'."
        }

        $DomainDn = $DomainNetBIOSCacheResult.DistinguishedName
        $DomainDns = $DomainNetBIOSCacheResult.Dns

        # Try to resolve the account against the server the Access Control Entry came from (which may or may not be the directory server for the account)
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "[System.Security.Principal.NTAccount]::new('$ServerNetBIOS', '$Name').Translate([System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier])"
        $NTAccount = [System.Security.Principal.NTAccount]::new($ServerNetBIOS, $Name)
        $SIDString = & { $NTAccount.Translate([System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]) } 2>$null

        if (-not $SIDString) {
            # Try to resolve the account against the domain indicated in its NT Account Name (which may or may not be the correct ADSI server for the account, it won't be if it's NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM for example)
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "[System.Security.Principal.NTAccount]::new('$DomainNetBIOS', '$Name')"
            $NTAccount = [System.Security.Principal.NTAccount]::new($DomainNetBIOS, $Name)
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "[System.Security.Principal.NTAccount]::new('$DomainNetBIOS', '$Name').Translate([System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier])"
            $SIDString = & { $NTAccount.Translate([System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier]) } 2>$null
        } else {
            $DomainNetBIOS = $ServerNetBIOS
        }

        if (-not $SIDString) {
            # Try to resolve the account against the domain indicated in its NT Account Name
            # Add this domain to our list of known domains
            try {
                $SearchPath = Add-DomainFqdnToLdapPath -DirectoryPath "LDAP://$DomainDn" -ThisFqdn $ThisFqdn @LoggingParams
                $DirectoryEntry = Search-Directory -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DirectoryPath $SearchPath -Filter "(samaccountname=$Name)" -PropertiesToLoad @('objectClass', 'distinguishedName', 'name', 'grouptype', 'description', 'managedby', 'member', 'objectClass', 'Department', 'Title') -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios
                $SIDString = (Add-SidInfo -InputObject $DirectoryEntry -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid @LoggingParams).SidString
            } catch {
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Type Warning -Text "'$IdentityReference' could not be resolved against its directory"
                Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Type Warning -Text $_.Exception.Message
            }
        }

        if (-not $SIDString) {

            # Try to find the DirectoryEntry object directly on the server
            $DirectoryPath = "$($AdsiServer.AdsiProvider)`://$ServerNetBIOS/$Name"
            $DirectoryEntry = Get-DirectoryEntry -DirectoryPath $DirectoryPath -DirectoryEntryCache $DirectoryEntryCache -DomainsByNetbios $DomainsByNetbios -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid @LoggingParams
            $SIDString = (Add-SidInfo -InputObject $DirectoryEntry -DomainsBySid $DomainsBySid @LoggingParams).SidString

        }

        if ($SIDString) {
            $DomainNetBIOS = $ServerNetBIOS
        }

        # This covers unresolved SIDs for deleted accounts, broken domain trusts, etc.
        if ( '' -eq "$Name" ) {
            $Name = $IdentityReference
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # An IdentityReference girl has no name ($Name)"
        } else {
            Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text " # '$IdentityReference' is named '$Name'"
        }

        return [PSCustomObject]@{
            IdentityReferenceOriginal   = $IdentityReference
            IdentityReferenceUnresolved = $IdentityReference
            SIDString                   = $SIDString
            IdentityReferenceNetBios    = "$DomainNetBios\$Name" -replace "^$ThisHostname\\", "$ThisHostname\"
            IdentityReferenceDns        = "$DomainDns\$Name"
        }

    }
}
function Search-Directory {
    <#
        .SYNOPSIS
        Use Active Directory Service Interfaces to search an LDAP directory
        .DESCRIPTION
        Find directory entries using the LDAP provider for ADSI (the WinNT provider does not support searching)
        Provides a wrapper around the [System.DirectoryServices.DirectorySearcher] class
        .INPUTS
        None. Pipeline input is not accepted.
        .OUTPUTS
        [System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]
        .EXAMPLE
        Search-Directory -Filter ''
 
        As the current user on a domain-joined computer, bind to the current domain and search for all directory entries matching the LDAP filter
    #>
    param (

        <#
        Path to the directory object to retrieve
        Defaults to the root of the current domain
        #>
        [string]$DirectoryPath = (([adsisearcher]'').SearchRoot.Path),

        # Filter for the LDAP search
        [string]$Filter,

        # Number of records per page of results
        [int]$PageSize = 1000,

        # Additional properties to return
        [string[]]$PropertiesToLoad,

        # Credentials to use
        [pscredential]$Credential,

        # Scope of the search
        [string]$SearchScope = 'subtree',

        <#
        Hashtable containing cached directory entries so they don't have to be retrieved from the directory again
        Uses a thread-safe hashtable by default
        #>
        [hashtable]$DirectoryEntryCache = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        [hashtable]$DomainsByNetbios = ([hashtable]::Synchronized(@{})),

        <#
        Hostname of the computer running this function.
 
        Can be provided as a string to avoid calls to HOSTNAME.EXE
        #>
        [string]$ThisHostName = (HOSTNAME.EXE),

        # Username to record in log messages (can be passed to Write-LogMsg as a parameter to avoid calling an external process)
        [string]$WhoAmI = (whoami.EXE),

        # Dictionary of log messages for Write-LogMsg (can be thread-safe if a synchronized hashtable is provided)
        [hashtable]$LogMsgCache = $Global:LogMessages

    )

    $LogParams = @{
        ThisHostname = $ThisHostname
        Type         = 'Debug'
        LogMsgCache  = $LogMsgCache
        WhoAmI       = $WhoAmI
    }

    $DirectoryEntryParameters = @{
        DirectoryEntryCache = $DirectoryEntryCache
        DomainsByNetbios    = $DomainsByNetbios
        ThisHostname        = $ThisHostname
        LogMsgCache         = $LogMsgCache
        WhoAmI              = $WhoAmI
    }

    if ($Credential) {
        $DirectoryEntryParameters['Credential'] = $Credential
    }

    if (($null -eq $DirectoryPath -or '' -eq $DirectoryPath)) {
        $Workgroup = (Get-CimInstance -ClassName Win32_ComputerSystem).Workgroup
        $DirectoryPath = "WinNT://$Workgroup/$ThisHostname"
    }
    $DirectoryEntryParameters['DirectoryPath'] = $DirectoryPath

    $DirectoryEntry = Get-DirectoryEntry @DirectoryEntryParameters

    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "`$DirectorySearcher = [System.DirectoryServices.DirectorySearcher]::new(([System.DirectoryServices.DirectoryEntry]::new('$DirectoryPath')))"
    $DirectorySearcher = [System.DirectoryServices.DirectorySearcher]::new($DirectoryEntry)

    if ($Filter) {
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "`$DirectorySearcher.Filter = '$Filter'"
        $DirectorySearcher.Filter = $Filter
    }

    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "`$DirectorySearcher.PageSize = '$PageSize'"
    $DirectorySearcher.PageSize = $PageSize
    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "`$DirectorySearcher.SearchScope = '$SearchScope'"
    $DirectorySearcher.SearchScope = $SearchScope

    ForEach ($Property in $PropertiesToLoad) {
        Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "`$DirectorySearcher.PropertiesToLoad.Add('$Property')"
        $null = $DirectorySearcher.PropertiesToLoad.Add($Property)
    }

    Write-LogMsg @LogParams -Text "`$DirectorySearcher.FindAll()"
    $SearchResultCollection = $DirectorySearcher.FindAll()
    # TODO: Fix this. Problems in integration testing trying to use the objects later if I dispose them here now.
    # Error: Cannot access a disposed object.
    #$null = $DirectorySearcher.Dispose()
    #$null = $DirectoryEntry.Dispose()
    $Output = [System.DirectoryServices.SearchResult[]]::new($SearchResultCollection.Count)
    $SearchResultCollection.CopyTo($Output, 0)
    #$null = $SearchResultCollection.Dispose()
    return $Output

}
<#
# Add any custom C# classes as usable (exported) types
$CSharpFiles = Get-ChildItem -Path "$PSScriptRoot\*.cs"
ForEach ($ThisFile in $CSharpFiles) {
    Add-Type -Path $ThisFile.FullName -ErrorAction Stop
}
#>
Export-ModuleMember -Function @('Add-DomainFqdnToLdapPath','Add-SidInfo','ConvertFrom-DirectoryEntry','ConvertFrom-PropertyValueCollectionToString','ConvertFrom-ResultPropertyValueCollectionToString','ConvertFrom-SearchResult','ConvertFrom-SidString','ConvertTo-DecStringRepresentation','ConvertTo-DistinguishedName','ConvertTo-DomainNetBIOS','ConvertTo-DomainSidString','ConvertTo-Fqdn','ConvertTo-HexStringRepresentation','ConvertTo-HexStringRepresentationForLDAPFilterString','ConvertTo-SidByteArray','Expand-AdsiGroupMember','Expand-IdentityReference','Expand-WinNTGroupMember','Find-AdsiProvider','Find-LocalAdsiServerSid','Get-ADSIGroup','Get-ADSIGroupMember','Get-AdsiServer','Get-CurrentDomain','Get-DirectoryEntry','Get-ParentDomainDnsName','Get-TrustedDomain','Get-Win32Account','Get-Win32UserAccount','Get-WinNTGroupMember','Invoke-ComObject','New-AdsiServerCimSession','New-FakeDirectoryEntry','Resolve-Ace3','Resolve-IdentityReference','Search-Directory')